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New Enzymes for Organic Synthesis pp 89–144Cite as

Glycobiotechnology: Enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars

Part of the Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology book series (4143,volume 58)

Abstract

Complex carbohydrates, as constituting part of glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, hormones, antibiotics and other secondary metabolities, play an active role in inter-and intracellular communication. The aim of “glycobiotechnology” as an upcoming interdisciplinary research field is to develop highly efficient synthesis strategies, including in vivo and in vitro approaches, in order to bring such complex molecules into analytical and therapeutic studies. The enzymatic synthesis of glycosidic bonds by Leloir-glycosyltransferases is an efficient strategy for obtaining saccharides with absolute stereo- and regioselectivity in high yields and under mild condiitons. There are, however, two obstacles hindering the realization of this process on a biotechnological scale namely the production of recombinant Leloir-glycosyltransferases and the availability of enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars (the glycosyltransferase donor substrates). The present review surveys some synthetic targets which have attracted the interest of glycobiologists as well as recombinant expression systems which give Leloir-glycosyltransferase activities in the mU and U range. The main part summarizes publications concerned with the complex pathways of primary and secondary nucleotide sugars and the availability and use of these enzymes for synthesis applications. In this context, a survey of our work will demonstrate how enzymes from different sources and pathways can be combined for the synthesis of nucleotide deoxysugars and oligosaccharides.

Keywords

  • Enzymatic Synthesis
  • Nucleotide Sugar
  • Acceptor Substrate
  • Barley Malt
  • Increase Enzyme Productivity

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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Abbreviations

A:

Adenine

ADP:

Adenosine 5′-diphosphate

ADP-Glc:

Adenosine 5′-diphosphate α-d-glucose

C:

Cytosine

CDP:

Cytidine 5′-diphosphate

CDP-Glc:

Cytidine 5′-diphosphate α-d-glucose

Cer:

Ceramide

Fruc:

d-fructose

Fuc:

l-fucose

FucT:

Fucosyltransferase

Gal:

d-galactose

GalNAc:

N-acetyl-d-galactosamine

GalNAcT:

N-acetyl-d-galactosaminyltransferase

GalNH2-1-P:

Galactosamine-1-phosphate

GalT:

Galactosyltransfarase

GDP:

Guanosine 5′-diphosphate

GDP-Fuc:

Guanosine 5′-diphosphate β-l-fucose

GDP-Man:

Guanosine 5′-diphosphate α-d-mannose

Glc-1-P:

Glucose-1-phosphate

Glc-6-P:

Glucose-6-phosphate

GlcNAc:

N-acetyl-d-glucosamine

GlcNAcT:

N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferase

in situ Reg:

In situ regeneration

LacNAc:

N-acetyllactosamine

Le:

Lewis blood group

Man:

d-mannose

ManT:

Mannosyltransferase

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride

Nat:

Native

NDP:

Nucleoside 5′-diphosphate

NeuAc:

N-acetyl neuraminic acid

NMP:

Nucleoside 5′-monophosphate

NTP:

Nucleoside 5′-triphosphate

PEP:

Phosph(enol)pyruvate

PP:

Pyrophosphorylase

Pyr:

Pyruvate

Rec:

Recombinant

Ser:

l-serine

SuSy:

Sucrose synthase

Thr:

l-threonine

dTDP:

2′-deoxythymidine 5′-diphosphate

dTDP-Glc:

2′-deoxythymidine 5′-diphosphate α-d-glucose

U:

Uracil

dU:

2′-deoxy-uridine

UDP:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate

DUP-Ara:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate β-l-arabinose

UDP-Gal:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate α-d-galactose

UDP-GalNAc:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate N-acetyl-α-d-galactosamine

UDP-GalNH2 :

Uridine 5′-diphosphate α-d-galactosamine

UDP-Glc:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate-α-d-glucose

dUDP-Glc:

2′-deoxy-uridine 5′-diphosphate α-d-glucose

UDP-GlcA:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate α-d-glucuronic acid

UDP-GlcNAc:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate N-acetyl-α-d-glucosamine

UDP-Xyl:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate α-d-xylose

UMP:

Uridine 5′-diphosphate

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    Lothar Elling

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Dedicated to Professor Dr. Maria-Regina Kula on the occasion of her 60th birthday

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Elling, L. (1997). Glycobiotechnology: Enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars. In: New Enzymes for Organic Synthesis. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 58. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0103303

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