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Reduction of organochlorine compounds in bleach plant effluents

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Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 57))

Abstract

Organochlorines have been a matter of concern in the pulp and paper industry for the last two decades. These compounds are produced mainly by the reactions between residual lignin present in wood fibres and the chlorine used for bleaching. Some of the organochlorine compounds are found to be toxic, mutagenic, persistent, bioaccumulating and cause harm in biological systems.

Earlier measures taken by the pulp and paper industry to solve the chlorine problem have focussed on improving effluent treatment methods. Today, the emphasis of research and development work in this area has shifted more towards improving the processes. In the search to produce pulp with non-polluting chemicals, more efficient pulping methods reducing the amount of residual lignin passing to the bleaching process and alternative bleaching methods, are being developed. There are also possibilities for treating effluent with microorganisms and enzymes to remove the dechlorinated organic material. Each option has inherent advantages and disadvantages with regard to capital costs, operating costs, ease of retrofit, fabrication and installation time. Impact on other mill unit operations is also considered in choosing the best options. Many factors have to be considered in choosing an effective and economical bleaching/treatment process that meets all the environmental guidelines.

This review describes the environmental impact of organochlorines, use of enzymatic and biological bleaching for reducing the generation of organochlorine compounds, and treatment of bleach plant effluents by biological and enzymatic methods. Advantages and limitations of various biotechnological methods are discussed.

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Abbreviations

ADI:

Acceptable daily intake

AOX:

Adsorbable organic halogens

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CTMP:

Chemi-thermomechanical pulp

DDT:

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

ECF:

Elemental chlorine free

EOCI:

Extractable organic chlorine

EOX:

Extractable organic halogen

EPA:

Environmental protection agency

HC:

High concentration (consistency)

HRT:

Hydraulic residence time

ISO:

International standards organization

LMS:

Laccase mediator substrate

MBC:

Modified batch cooking

MCC:

Modified continuous cooking

MW:

Molecular weight

OKP:

Oxygen bleached kraft pulp

PCB:

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PCDD:

Polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins

PCP:

Polychlorophenol

Pow :

Octanol/water partition coefficient

ppb:

Parts per billion (1/109)

ppm:

Parts per million (1/106)

ppt:

Parts per trillion (1/1012)

RBC:

Rotating biological contactor

t:

metric ton

TCDD:

Tetrachlorinated dibenzodioxins

TCF:

Totally chloring free

TCP:

Trichlorophenol

TEQ:

Toxicity equivalent

TMP:

Thermomechanical pulp

TNT:

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

TOCI:

Total organochlorine

C:

Chlorination

(CD):

Treatment by mixing chlorine and chlorine dioxide simultaneously (Cl proportion is higher than D)

D:

Chlorine dioxide treatment

D1 & D2:

First and second treatment, respectively with chlorine dioxide

(DC):

Treatment by mixing chlorine dioxide and chlorine simultaneously (D proportion is higher than Cl)

E:

Alkaline extraction

E1 & E2:

First and second alkaline extraction respectively

Eo :

Alkaline extraction in presence of oxygen

EOP :

Alkaline extraction in presence of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

EP :

Alkaline extraction in presence of hydrogen peroxide

F:

Fungal treatment

H:

Hypochlorite treatment

L:

Laccase enzyme treatment

O:

Oxygen delignification/bleaching

P:

Hydrogen peroxide treatment

Q:

Chelation of metal

X:

Xylanase enzyme treatment

Z:

Ozone treatment

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  1. Chemical Engineering Division, Thapar Corporate Research and Development Centre, 147 001, Patiala, India

    Pratima Bajpai & Pramod K. Bajpai

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K. -E. L. Eriksson (Volume Editor)W. Babel H. W. Blanch Ch. L. Cooney S. -O. Enfors K. -E. L. Eriksson A. Fiechter A. M. Klibanov B. Mattiasson S. B. Primrose H. J. Rehm P. L. Rogers H. Sahm K. Schügerl G. T. Tsao K. Venkat J. Villadsen U. von Stockar C. Wandrey

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Bajpai, P., Bajpai, P.K. (1997). Reduction of organochlorine compounds in bleach plant effluents. In: Eriksson, K.E.L., et al. Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 57. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0102076

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