Abstract
The Introduction argues that the ‘Anthropocene’ and critiques of it rely on a geo-logic of the ‘cene’ that strands those seeking a different spatial future in the very logic to be un-done. We introduce a transdisciplinary framework, the Black Outdoors, to center attention on the circuitries of Black life-making that have continually emerged in contexts of racialized death. The text is divided into four parts. One addresses the spatial difference that ontology makes. It begins by examining the relational ontology of subSaharan Africa and how transAtlantic slavery transferred and expanded on it in the ‘new world.’ Capitalism and Marxian theories of capitalism are shown to be equally constrained in fathoming relationality’s revolutionary potential. ‘Two’ addresses how survival is premised on reckoning with Black and indigenous pasts and honoring Black knowledges and worldmaking systems. ‘Three’ interrogates how the territorial state and technology-accelerated, late-finance capitalism, mediate spatial futures in the present planetary emergency. ‘Four’ builds on science fiction’s audaciously creative powers of speculation to take the measure of the Anthropocene-in-crisis and its transmutation to different imagined post-Anthropocenes. In these fictional spacetimes, “Anthropos”—the human dimension—would be further defined and conditioned by its creative and destructive relationship to science and thinking machines.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Works Cited
Introductory Section
Allen DL (2020) Black geographies of respite: relief, recuperation, and resonance at Florida A&M University. Antipode 52(6):1563–1582
Anthropocene Working Group (2020) Chairman’s column. Newsletter of the Anthropocene Working Group, vol 10: report of activities 2020. http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/AWG-Newsletter-2020-Vol-10.pdf. Accessed 5 Feb 2023
Bledsoe A (2017) Marronage as a past and present geography in the Americas. Southeast Geogr 57(1):30–50
Bruno T (2023) Ecological memory in the biophysical afterlife of slavery. Ann Am Assoc Geogr 113(7):1543–1553. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2022.2107985
Carruthers J (2019) The Anthropocene. S Afr J Sci 115(7/8): Art. #6428, 1 page. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/6428
Davis J, Moulton AA, Van Sant L, Williams B (2019) Anthropocene, capitalocene, … plantationocene?: a manifesto for ecological justice in an age of global crises. Geogr Compass 13(5):e12438
Donaldson F (1969) Geography and the Black American: The White Papers and the Invisible Man. Antipode 1(1):17–33
Eze E (1997) Race and the enlightenment. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford
Haraway D (2015) Anthropocene, capitalocene, plantationocene, chthulucene: making kin. Environ Humanit 6(1):159–165. https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615934
Haraway D, Ishikawa N, Gilbert SF, Olwig K, Tsing AL, Bubandt N (2016) Anthropologists are talking—about the Anthropocene. Ethnos 81(3):535–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2015.1105838
Hartman S (1997) Scenes of subjection: terror, slavery, and self-making in nineteenth-century America. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Hawthorne CA (2022) Contesting race and citizenship: youth politics in the Black mediterranean. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York
HealFoodAlliance.org
Humanities Futures. 2016. The Black outdoors: Fred Moten & Saidiya Hartman at Duke University. September 23. https://humanitiesfutures.org/media/black-outdoors-fred-moten-saidiya-hartman-duke-university/
Keller C (2014) Unsaying and undoing: Judith Butler and the ethics of relational ontology. Chapter 7. In: Cloud of the impossible, pp 215–238. https://doi.org/10.7312/kell17114-fm
Lamb VC (2004) Wal-mart stores, Inc. v. AIG Life Insurance Company, 19875 (Deleware Ch 2004). https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914b760add7b0493477eace
Lorde, A. 2018. The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house. Penguin Classics, Penguin Press, London
Malm A (2015) The anthropocene myth. Jacobin, March 30
McCutcheon P (2019) Fannie Lou Hamer’s freedom farms and black agrarian geographies. Antipode 51(1):207–224
McKittrick K (2006) Demonic grounds: Black women and the cartographies of struggle. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
McKittrick K (2013) Plantation futures. Small Axe: J Criticism 17(3):1–15
McKittrick K (2017) Commentary: worn out. Southeast Geogr 57(1):96–100
McKittrick K, Woods CA (2007) Black geographies and the politics of place. Between the Lines/South End Press, Toronto, CA; Cambridge, MA
Mirzoeff N (2017) The appearance of blacks lives matter. E-book. Print on demand. ISBN 9780997494006
Mirzoeff N (2018) It’s not the anthropocene, it’s the white supremacy scene; or the geological color line. In: Grusin R (ed) After extinction. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, Chapter 6, 123–149
Moore J (ed) (2016) Capitalocene or anthropocene? PM Press, Oakland, CA
Moten F (2018) Stolen life. Duke University Press, Durham, NC
Moulton AA (2023) Towards the arboreal side-effects of marronage: Black geographies and ecologies of the Jamaican forest. Environ Plan E: Nature Space 6(1):3–23
Noxolo P (2022) Geographies of race and ethnicity 1: Black geographies. Prog Hum Geogr 46(5):1232–1240
Parikka J (2014) The Anthrobscene. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
Patel R (2013) Misanthropocene? Earth Island Journal. Spring. https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/misanthropocene/. Accessed 23 June 2019
Philip MNS (2008) Zong! Poems. Small Axe 26:80–111
Pulido L (2018) Racism and the Anthropocene. In: Mitman G, Armiero M, Emmett R (eds) Future remains: a cabinet of curiosities for the Anthropocene. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 116–128
Purifoy D (2021) The parable of Black places. Trans Institute British Geogr 46(4):829–833
Richen Y (Director) (2019) The green boo: guide to freedom. Documentary film. 1hr 0 min
Sirvent R (2021) BAR book forum: Kathryn Yusoff’s “A billion Black Anthropocenes or none” Black Agena Report, April 21. ‘Acts of unlearning might be to dismantle the current valuation of the material world and colonial ordering of matter.’
Still, W (1879) The underground railroad. A record of facts, authentic narratives, letters &c., narrating the hardships, hair-breadth escapes and death struggles of the slaves in their efforts for freedom [Philadelphia, PA., Cincinnati, Ohio etc. People's publishing company] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/31024984/. Accessed 25 Jan 2023
Whitehead C (2016) The underground railroad. Doubleday, New York
Wilson B, Jenkins H (1972) Symposium: Black perspectives on geography. Antipode 4(2):42–43
Winston C (2021) Maroon geographies. Ann Am Assoc Geogr 111(7):2185–2199
Woods CA (1998) Development arrested: the blues and plantation power in the Mississippi Delta. Verso, New York
Yeo D (2019) The real book behind Green Book: a means to keep Black Americans safe but also a guide to having fun. Toronto Star, February 19. https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/the-real-book-behind-green-book-a-means-to-keep-black-americans-safe-but-also/article_ca6eb967-1aaa-531d-8155-6d20065b5387.html. Accessed 30 Oct 2020
Yusoff K (2018) A billion Black Anthropocenes or none. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
Relational Ontology, Death, and the Maternal
Aboagye K (2022) Restoring Black/Indigenous relations in Australia: an Indigenist sociological theory for Bla(c)k Indigeneity in the Global South. J Global Indigeneity 6(1):1–24. https://www.journalofglobalindigeneity.com. Accessed 1 Mar 2023
Attoe AD (2022) Cosmic purpose: an African perspective. Filosofia Theoretica J Afr Phil Culture Relig 11(4):87–102
Beckel R (2021) Examining the impact of COVID on Group Life underwriting. https://www.munichre.com/us-life/en/perspectives/group-and-living-benefits/examining-impact-covid-group-life-underwriting.html. Accessed 30 Dec 2021
BoliColi.com (2023) Frequently asked questions about corporate owned life insurance. https://www.bolicoli.com/frequently-asked-questions-about-coli/
Bollier D, Helfrich S (2012) The wealth of the commons: a world beyond market & state. Levellers Press, Amherst, MA
Brown W (2022) Black (w)hold foods: Okra, soil and Blackness in The Underground Railroad (Barry Jenkins, USA 2021). Philosophies 7(5):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7050117
Burns P (2014) Peasants’ revolt: why Congress should eliminate the tax benefits on dead peasant insurance. Hastings Law J 65:551–580
Butler O. unpublished. Parable of the trickster. See https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8hm5br8/entire_text/. Accessed 10 Dec 2022
Cao P (2023) Analogy with the structure in morphological level. In: Pogrebnyak Y, Hou R (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on language, communication and culture studies. Springer Nature, Paris, pp 99–105
Carter JK, Cervenak SJ (2016) The black outdoors: humanities futures after property and possession. Humanities Futures, Franklin Humanities Institute, White paper
Cavalieri C, Lanza EC (2020) Territories in time: mapping palimpsest horizons. Urban Plan 5(2):94–98
Chatwin B (1987) The songlines. Viking Press, New York
de Freitas E (2020) Why trust science in a trickster world of absolute contingency? The speculative force of mathematical abstraction. Crit Stud Teach Learn 8:60–74
Garimara DP (2002) Follow the rabbit-proof fence. University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, AU
Gibson-Light M (2022) Orange-collar lLabor: work and inequality in prison. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Glasgow K, Miller MJ, Star GJ (2018) STOLI—what you don’t know may cost you. Munich RE https://www.munichre.com/content/dam/munichre/marc/pdf/claims/stoli/STOLI_11-1-18.pdf/_jcr_content/renditions/original./STOLI_11-1-18.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb 2020
Oyěwùmí O (2015) What gender is motherhood? Palgrave, London
Paliszkiewicz J, Varoglu D (2023) Management and organizational studies on blue & grey collar workers: diversity of collars. Emerald Publishing, Bingley, UK
Rabbits introduced (2022) National Museum of Australia. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/rabbits-introduced#:~:text=The%20most%20iconic%20barrier%20was,to%20south%20across%20Western%20Australia. Accessed 22 Oct 2022
Risk Management Team (n.d.) Corporate owned life insurance. Lions Financial. https://lions.financial/corporate-owned-life-insurance/. Accessed 3 Mar 2023
Schama S (2021) Cai Guo-Qiang: Odyssey and homecoming. DelMonico Books, New York
Sky Ladder: The art of Cai Guo-qiang (2016) https://www.netflix.com/title/80097472?source=35. Director: Kevin Macdonald. 1h 16m. Accessed 3 Mar 2020
The rabbit-proof fence (2021) https://slwa.wa.gov.au/stories/wa-history/rabbit-proof-fence. Accessed 20 Dec 2020
Tregenna F, İzdeş Ö (2020) Gender, industrialization, and industrial hubs. In: Oqubay A, Lin JY (eds) The Oxford handbook of industrial hubs and economic development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 401–425
van Inwagen P (2011) Relational vs constituent ontologies. Philos Perspect 25:389–405
Viatical.org (2014) What is the secondary insurance market? https://viatical.org/blog/what-is-the-secondary-life-insurance-market/. Accessed 1 Feb 2021
Yang, J. (2012) Tombstone: the great Chinese famine, 1958–1962. Introduction by Edward Friedman and Roderick MacFarquhar; Translated by Stacy Mosher. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York
Youtube (2016) Fred Moten & Saidiya Hartman at Duke University|The Black Outdoors. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_tUZ6dybrc. Accessed 1 Jan 2023
Yuan H (2008) Chinese fireworks. DLPS Faculty Publications. Paper 19. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/dlps_fac_pub/19. Accessed 2 Feb 2021
Zhou Y (2020) Nongmingong going online: an ethnography of the mediated work and life experience of the Chinese working-class in ‘Digital China.’ PhD dissertation. London School of Economics
How I Got Over: On Black Tomorrows
Antipode Foundation (2020) Geographies of racial capitalism with Ruth Wilson Gilmore—An Antipode Foundation Film. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CS627aKrJI
Gilmore RW (2002) Race and globalization. In Johnston RJ, Taylor PJ, Watts M (eds) Geographies of global change: remapping the world, 2nd edn. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA
Freedom Georgia Initiative (2020) http://thefreedomgeorgiainitiative.com/. Accessed 9 Sept 2020
Haymarket Books (2022) Rehearsals for living. https://www.youtube.com/live/tyi8oO4oU5U?feature=share
Maynard R, Simpson LB (2022) Rehearsals for living. Haymarket Books, Chicago, IL
McKittrick K (2006) Demonic grounds: Black women and the cartographies of struggle. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
McKittrick K (2011) On plantations, prisons, and a black sense of place. Soc Cult Geogr 12(8):947–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2011.624280
McKittrick K (2013) Plantation futures. Small Axe: J Criticism 17(3):1–15
McKittrick K, Woods CA (2007) Black geographies and the politics of place. South End Press, Toronto, CA; Cambridge, MA, Between the Lines
Purifoy D (2019) North Carolina [un]incorporated: place, race, and local environmental inequity. Am Behav Sci. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219859645
Roberts A, Butler ML (2022) Contending with the palimpsest: reading the and through Black women’s emotional geographies. Ann Am Assoc Geogr 112(3):828–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2021.2020615
Rose H (1965) The All-Negro Town: its evolution and function. Geogr Rev 55(3):362–381
Sharpe CE (2016) In the wake: on blackness and being. Duke University Press, Durham, NC
Slocum K (2019) Black towns, Black futures: the enduring allure of a Black place in the American West. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC
United Nations (2013) Proclamation of the international decade for people of African descent. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N13/453/67/PDF/N1345367.pdf?OpenElement
United Nations (2011) A year dedicated to People of African descent. https://www.un.org/en/events/iypad2011/
Woods CA (1998) Development arrested: the blues and plantation power in the Mississippi Delta. Verso, New York
Woods CA (2005) Do you know what it means to miss New Orleans?: Katrina, trap economics, and the rebirth of the Blues. Am Q 57(4):1005–1018. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2006.0017
Sovereignty in the Capitalocene as the Crucible of Difference in the Post-Anthropocene
Agnew J (1994) The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory. Rev Int Polit Econ 1(1):53–80
Deardorff AV, Stern RM (1983) Economic effects of the Tokyo Round. South Econ J 49(3):605–624
Evans PB, Rueschemeyer D, Skocpol T (eds) (1985) Bring the state back in. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Fanon F (1961/2007) The wretched of the earth. Grove/Atlantic, Inc., New York
Habermas J (1996) Between facts and norms: contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy, Rehg W (trans). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Letiche JM (1982) The Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1973–79). In: Letiche J (ed) International economics policies and their theoretical foundations. A source book. Academic Press—Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, pp 413–439
Mirzoeff N (2018) It’s not the Anthropocene, it’s the White Supremacy Scene; or, the Geological Color Line. In: Grusin R (ed) After extinction. Minnesota University Press, Minneapolis, MN, pp 123–150
Moore JW (2017) The Capitalocene, Part I: on the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. J Peasant Stud 44(3):594–630
Murphy AB (1996) The sovereign state system as political-territorial ideal: historical and contemporary considerations. In: Biersteker TJ, Weber C (eds) State sovereignty as social construct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 81–120
Pollack MA (2000) International relations theory and European integration, European University Institute Working Paper RSC No. 55. J Common Mark Stud [Online] December 16, 2002
Shonfield A (1965) Modern capitalism: the changing balance of public and private power. Oxford University Press
Speculative Futures as a Lens for “Staying Human in the Cataclysm”
Beukes L (2017) The power of Afrofuturism. In science fiction when the future is now. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-08674-8. Accessed 26 June 2022
Castells M (2010) Globalisation, networking, urbanisation: reflections on the spatial dynamics of the Information Age. Urban Stud 47(13):2737–2745
Kohli A (2009) But that’s just mad! Reading the utopian impulse in Dark princess and Black empire. African Identities 7(2):161–175
Du Bois WEB (1928/1995) Dark princess. A romance. Introduction by Claudia Tate. Banner Books for University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, MS
Liu K (2017) Staying human in the cataclysm. In: Science fiction when the future is now. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-08674-8. Accessed 26 June 2022
Robinson SK (2017) 3D glasses on reality. In: Science fiction when the future is now. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-08674-8. Accessed 26 June 2022
Schuyler GS, Hill RA (1936–1938/1991) Black empire. Northeastern University Press, Boston, MA
Thompson T (2021) Far from the light of heaven. Orbit Books, New York
Humanity-at-Risk Non-fiction
Carson R (1962) Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin, New York
Gore A (2006) An inconvenient truth: the planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it. Rodale Books, Emmaus, PA
Kolbert E (2014) The sixth extinction: an unnatural history. Picador, London
Pynchon T (1974) Gravity’s rainbow. Penguin Classics, London
Rees MJ (2004) Our final hour: a scientist’s warming—how terror, error, and environmental disaster threaten humankind’s future in this century—on earth and beyond. Basic Books, New York
Wallace-Wells D (2019) The uninhabitable earth, life after warming. Crown Books, New York
Walsh T (2018) 2062. The world that AI made. La Trobe University Press for Black, Inc., Collingwood, Victoria, AU
Weisman A (2007) The world without us. Picador, London
Apocalyptic/Post-apocalyptic Speculative/Science Fiction (The examples are indicative of SF subgenres)
Alderman N (2016) The power. Back Bay Books/HBG, New York (feminist; female emancipation; gendered speciation)
Atwood M (1985) The handmaid’s tale. McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, CA (religious extremism; Christianism; gender; reproductive rights; ecologic collapse)
Atwood M (2019) The testaments. McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, CA (the sequel to The Handmaid’s Tale)
Bradbury R (1953) Fahrenheit 451. Ballantine Books, New York (totalitarianism; epistemicide)
Butler OE (1993) Parable of the sower. Four Walls Eight Windows, New York (Black futures; Afrofuturism; astrofuturism; authoritarianism; social collapse, accelerando)
Doctorow C (2009) Makers. Tor Books, New York (Informatization as means of control and emancipation; social collapse; resistance; limits and opportunities of 3D printing technologies)
Doctorow C (2017) Walkaway. A Novel. Tor Books, New York (Informatization as means of control and emancipation; social collapse; resistance)
Doctorow C (2019) Radicalized (contains the novelette “Unlicensed Bread”). Tor Books, New York (Informatization; automation; corporate supremacy; social inequality)
Gibson W (1984) Neuromancer. Ace Books, New York (cyberspace; cyberwarfare/hacking; Artificial Intelligence-at-the-singularity)
Huxley A (1932) Brave new world. Chatto & Windus, London (totalitarianism; epistemicide; eugenics; biologically-engineered caste system)
James PD (1992) The children of men. Alfred A Knopf, New York (population crisis; fertility collapse; social and environmental collapse, authoritarianism)
King S (1978) The stand. Doubleday, New York (global pandemic; the collapse of humanity; moral-existential struggle)
McCarthy C (2006) The road. Alfred A. Knopf, New York (nuclear war; social, political collapse; human extinction)
Miller WM Jr (1959) A canticle for leibowitz. J B Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, PA (nuclear war; social-political regression; religious extremism)
Orwell G (1949) Nineteen eight-four. Secker & Warburg, London (political allegory; totalitarianism; epistemicide)
Piercy M (1976) Woman on the edge of time. Alfred A Knopf, New York (Feminist futures, utopia, technoscience)
Robinson KS (2004) Forty signs of rain (Science in the Capital/Green Earth Series). Harper Collins, London
Robinson KS (2005) Fifty degrees below (Science in the Capital/Green Earth Series). Harper Collins, London (Cli-Fi; climate emergency; science politics; “repaleolithization,” “permaculture”)
Robinson KS (2007) Sixty days and counting (Science in the Capital/Green Earth Series). Harper Collins, London
Russ J (1975) The female man. Bantam, New York (feminist futures; single-gender utopias; gender emancipatory politics)
Saramago J (1995) Blindness. Mariner Books, New York (global pandemic; social collapse; human resilience; post-family formations)
Shute N (1957) On the beach. Heinemann, London (nuclear war; the annihilation of humanity)
St John Mandel E (2016) Station eleven. Pan Macmillan, New York (global pandemic; social and political collapse; de-urbanization)
Stewart GR (1949) Earth abides. Random House, New York (pandemic; social collapse and rebuilding)
Zamyatin Y (1924) We. E.P. Dutton, New York (Soviet dystopia – totalitarianism; resistance)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eaves, L.E., Nast, H.J., Papadopoulos, A.G. (2024). Introduction. In: Eaves, L.E., Nast, H.J., Papadopoulos, A.G. (eds) Spatial Futures . Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9761-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9761-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-9760-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-9761-9
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)