Abstract
This book chapter delves into the effect of courage as a moderator on the indirect association between self-kindness and isolation through humanity using a moderated mediation model. One hundred and fifty Indian manufacturing and service sector executives have been surveyed using a cross-sectional questionnaire-based approach. Hayes PROCESS macro is used to test the significance of the associations hypothesized along with bootstrapped results. The findings reflect the adverse indirect influence of self-kindness on isolation through humanity, with the negative impact being lessened at lower levels of courage. Furthermore, it has also been observed that humanity and isolation are negatively associated. This study suggests that employees’ isolation decreases through their self-kindness and humanity when they have a high level of courage. An assessment of the implications and future prospects in relation to the findings has been made.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publications, Inc.
Arjoon S (2000) Virtue theory as a dynamic theory of business. J Bus Ethics 28(2):159–178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006339112331
Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51(6):1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Bluth K, Neff KD (2018) New frontiers in understanding the benefits of self-compassion. Self Identity 17(6):605–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1508494
Bluth K, Gaylord SA, Campo RA, Mullarkey MC, Hobbs L (2016) Making friends with yourself: a mixed methods pilot study of a mindful self-compassion program for adolescents. Mindfulness 7(2):479–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0476-6
Brown B (2010) The gifts of imperfection: let go of who you think you’re supposed to be and embrace who you are. Hazelden Publishing. https://www.hazelden.org/store/item/15924?The-Gifts-of-Imperfection
Buffer (2021) 2021 State of remote work. Buffer. https://buffer.com/2021-state-of-remote-work
Cortina JM (1993) What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. J Appl Psychol 78(1):98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
Demetriou C, Ozer BU, Essau CA (2015) Self-report questionnaires. In: The Encyclopedia of clinical psychology. Wiley, pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp507
Dreisoerner A, Junker NM, van Dick R (2021) The relationship among the components of self-compassion: a pilot study using a compassionate writing intervention to enhance self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness. J Happiness Stud 22(1):21–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00217-4
Dunkley DM, Zuroff DC, Blankstein KR (2003) Self-critical perfectionism and daily affect: dispositional and situational influences on stress and coping. J Pers Soc Psychol 84(1):234–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.234
English P, Sutton E (2000) Working with courage, fear and failure. Career Dev Int 5(4/5):211–215. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005358
Finstad K (2010) Response interpolation and scale sensitivity: evidence against 5-point scales. J Usability Stud 5(3):104–110
Firoz M, Chaudhary R, Lata M (2022) The socio-demographic determinants of workplace loneliness in India. Evid Based HRM 10(1):17–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-08-2020-0116
Gilbert P (2009) Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Adv Psychiatr Treat 15(3):199–208. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264
Gilbert P, Procter S (2006) Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clin Psychol Psychother 13(6):353–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
Hair J, Black W, Babin B, Anderson R (2010) Multivariate data analysis, 7th edn. Pearson, Prentice-Hall
Hamer K, McFarland S, Penczek M (2019) What lies beneath? Predictors of identification with all humanity. Personality Individ Differ 141:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.019
Hayes AF (2018) Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis, 2nd edn. A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press
Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen MR (2008) Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electron J Bus Res Methods 6(1):53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D79B73
Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model 6(1):1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Iacobucci D, Schneider MJ, Popovich DL, Bakamitsos GA (2016) Mean centering helps alleviate “micro” but not “macro” multicollinearity. Behav Res Methods 48(4):1308–1317. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0624-x
IBM Corp. (2020) IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 27.0
Jacob S (2021) 95% Indian firms to continue with remote work for next two years: survey. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/95-indian-firms-to-continue-with-remote-work-for-next-two-years-survey-121071400432_1.html
Kanov JM, Maitlis S, Worline MC, Dutton JE, Frost PJ, Lilius JM (2004) Compassion in organizational life. Am Behav Sci 47(6):808–827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260211
Kilmann RH, O’Hara LA, Strauss JP (2010) Developing and validating a quantitative measure of organizational courage. J Bus Psychol 25(1):15–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9125-1
Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Allen AB, Hancock J (2007) Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. J Pers Soc Psychol 92(5):887–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887
Lewis JR (1993) Multipoint scales: mean and median differences and observed significance levels. Int J Hum Comput Inter 5(4):383–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319309526075
MacIntyre AC (2007) After virtue: a study in moral theory, 3rd edn. University of Notre Dame Press
MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams J (2004) Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivar Behav Res. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
Magnano P, Paolillo A, Platania S, Santisi G (2017) Courage as a potential mediator between personality and coping. Personality Individ Differ 111:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.047
McLennan AK, Ulijaszek SJ (2018) Beware the medicalisation of loneliness. Lancet 391(10129):1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30577-4
Mokline B, Ben Abdallah MA (2021) Individual resilience in the organization in the face of crisis: study of the concept in the context of COVID-19. Glob J Flex Syst Manag 22(3):219–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-021-00273-x
Mulki JP, Jaramillo F (2011) Workplace isolation: salespeople and supervisors in USA. Int J Hum Resour Manag 22(4):902–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555133
Murthy V (2017) Work and the loneliness epidemic: reducing isolation at work is good for business. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/cover-story/2017/09/work-and-the-loneliness-epidemic
Neff KD (2003a) The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Identity 2:223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390209035
Neff KD (2003b) Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity 2(2):85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff KD (2016) The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness 7(1):264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3
Neff KD, Germer CK (2013) A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. J Clin Psychol 69(1):28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923
Neff KD, Tóth-Király I, Knox MC, Kuchar A, Davidson O (2021) The development and validation of the state self-compassion scale (long- and short form). Mindfulness 12(1):121–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4
Peterson C, Seligman MEP (2004) Character strengths and virtues: a handbook and classification. Oxford University Press
Pietrabissa G, Simpson SG (2020) Psychological consequences of social isolation during COVID-19 outbreak. Front Psychol11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02201
Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP (2003) Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol 88(5):879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Podsakoff NP (2012) Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annu Rev Psychol 63(1):539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
Preacher KJ, Hayes AF (2004) SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 36(4):717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
Pury CLS, Kowalski RM (2007) Human strengths, courageous actions, and general and personal courage. J Posit Psychol 2(2):120–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228813
Ross WD, Urmson JO (1984) Nicomachean ethics. In: Complete works of Aristotle, vol 2, pp 1729–1867. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt6wq12z.13
RStudio (2020) RStudio: integrated development for R (1.3.1093). RStudio Inc. http://www.rstudio.com/
Ruch W, MartĂnez-MartĂ ML, Proyer RT, Harzer C (2014) The character strengths rating form (CSRF): development and initial assessment of a 24-item rating scale to assess character strengths. Personality Individ Differ 68:53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.042
Serpa JG, Bourey CP, Adjaoute GN, Pieczynski JM (2020) Mindful self-compassion (MSC) with veterans: a program evaluation. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01508-1
Shankar A, McMunn A, Banks J, Steptoe A (2011) Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychol 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022826
Sobel ME (1982) Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociol Methodol 13:290. https://doi.org/10.2307/270723
Tajfel H, Turner J (1979) An integrative theory of inter-group conflict. Soc Psychol Intergroup Relat 47(6)
Tu Y, Zhang S (2015) Loneliness and subjective well-being among Chinese undergraduates: the mediating role of self-efficacy. Soc Indic Res 124(3):963–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0809-1
Tuzovic S, Kabadayi S (2018) The influence of social distancing on employee well-being: a conceptual framework and research agenda. J Serv Manag 32(2):145–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0140
Yearley LH (1990) Mencius and Aquinas: theories of virtue and conceptions of courage. State University of New York Press
Zuroff DC, Moskowitz DS, Côté S (1999) Dependency, self-criticism, interpersonal behaviour and affect: evolutionary perspectives. Br J Clin Psychol 38(3):231–250. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466599162827
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Khurana, R., Rangnekar, S. (2024). The Resilience Trio: Self-kindness, Humanity, and Courage in Coping with Isolation. In: Sushil, Rani, N., Joshi, R. (eds) Flexibility, Resilience and Sustainability. Flexible Systems Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9550-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9550-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-9549-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-9550-9
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)