Skip to main content

Unsolved Mysteries of the Mind and the Brain: Fractal Brain Hypothesis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emotion, Cognition and Silent Communication: Unsolved Mysteries

Part of the book series: Studies in Rhythm Engineering ((SRE))

Abstract

The Human Mind: A Fascinating Journey: For centuries, philosophers have been fascinated by the human mind. What is it that makes us conscious? How do we experience emotions? And what is the nature of self-awareness? While the Western philosophers are struggling with the duality of mind and body, thus, signifying qualia as “hard problem of consciousness”, Vedic philosophers coupled physical world Prakriti and non-physical world “Purusha”, as singular entity, Purusha-Prakriti, thus, avoiding mountains of debates around qualia. In this chapter, we will explore the fractal brain theory, a new approach to understanding consciousness. This theory proposes that the brain is organized in a fractal pattern, with each level of organization reflecting the one above it. This pattern gives rise to a vast number of possible states of consciousness, each with its own unique flavor. We will also discuss the role of noise in consciousness. Noise is often seen as a nuisance, but it can also play a positive role. In fact, some studies have shown that noise can actually enhance creativity and problem-solving skills. Finally, we will look at the limitations of EEG and group study techniques, a ground to invent an advanced EEG, namely dodecanogram or DDG, an invention, prime focus of this book. EEG techniques are often used to study consciousness, brain disorders, but they have some important drawbacks. We will discuss these limitations and how they can be overcome with new instruments to read subconscious mind. This chapter is just the beginning of our journey into the fascinating science of the human mind. In the chapters to come, we will explore the human subject experiments on mysterious features of brain and unveil more about the sciences of the human brain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Agrawal L, Chhajed R, Ghosh S, Ghosh B, Ray K, Sahu S, Fujita D (2018) Fractal information theory (FIT)-derived geometric musical language (GML) for brain-inspired hypercomputing. Soft Comput Theories Appl 548:343–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Agrawal L, Sahu S, Ghosh S, Shiga T, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A (2016) Inventing atomic resolution scanning dielectric microscopy to see a single protein complex operation live at resonance in a neuron without touching or adulterating the cell. J Integr Neurosci 15(04):435–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bak P (1996) How nature works. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Balasubramanian SV (2018) Genealogy and the Vedic timescale. viXra

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bandura A (1999) Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Asian J Soc Psychol 2(1):21–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839x.00024

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Bandyopadhyay A (2020) Nanobrain: the making of an artificial brain from a time crystal. Boca Raton CRC Press, Taylor and Francis. ISBN: 9781439875490. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429107771

  7. Bandyopadhyay A, Miki K, Wakayama Y (2006) Writing and erasing information in multilevel logic systems of a single molecule using scanning tunneling microscope. Appl Phys Lett 89(24)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barnsley MF (1988) Fractals everywhere. Academic Press

    Google Scholar 

  9. Boeck P, Jeon M (2018) Perceived crisis and reforms: issues, explanations, and remedies. Psychol Bull 144(7):757–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Brehmer B (1992) Dynamic decision making: human control of complex systems. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 81:211–241

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bussche E, Noortgate W, Reynvoet B (2009) Mechanisms of masked priming: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 135(3):452–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Craven J, Hughes M, Jejjala V, Kar A (2022) Illuminating new and known relations between knot invariants. Mathematics

    Google Scholar 

  13. Diaz S (2003) Bharata Natyam: classical Indian dance: a Hindu fractal. Int J Human Peace 19:83

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dulov E (2020) Evaluation of decision-making chains and their fractal dimensions. Integr Psych Behav.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-020-09566-9

  15. Duquette J, Ramasubramanian K (2017) Śrīharṣa on the indefinability of time. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44418-5_4. Corpus ID: 171149707

  16. Durant W (1961) The story of philosophy. Washington Square Press Publication of Pocket Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dutta AK, Sriram M (2016) Mathematics and astronomy in India before 300 BCE

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ernst M, Perkins J, Guo P, McCamant S, Pacheco C, Tschantz M, Xiao C (2007) The daikon system for dynamic detection of likely invariants. Sci Comput Program 69(1–3):35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2007.01.015

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. Firth D, King J, Koch H, Looney C, Pavlou P, Trauth E (2011) Addressing the credibility crisis in is. Commun Asso Inform Syst 28. https://doi.org/10.17705/1cais.02813

  20. Fox PT, Laird AR, Fox SP, Fox M, Uecker AM, Crank M, Loenig SF, Lancaster JL (2005) BrainMap taxonomy of experimental description and evaluation. Hum Brain Mapp 25:185–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Freeman WJ (1999) The physiology of perception. Scientific American Library

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ghosh M (1967) Bharatmuni Natya Shastra; The Natyasastra: a treatise on ancient Indian [Hindu] dramaturgy and histrionics) ascribed to Bharata-muni. Asiatic society, Calcutta

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ghosh S, Sahu D, Fujita A (2014) Bandyopadhyay; Design and operation of a brain like computer: a new class of frequency-fractal computing using wireless communication in a supramolecular organic, inorganic systems. Information 5:28–99

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ghosh S, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A (2015) An organic jelly made fractal logic gate with an infinite truth table. Sci Rep 5(1):11265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ghosh S, Sahu S, Agrawal L, Shiga T, Bandyopadhyay A (2016) Inventing a co-axial atomic resolution patch clamp to study a single resonating protein complex and ultra-low power communication deep inside a living neuron cell. J Integr Neurosci 15(04):403–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Giner-Sorolla R (2012) Science or art? how aesthetic standards grease the way through the publication bottleneck but undermine science. Perspect Psychol Sci 7(6):562–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612457576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. González-Reimann L (2023) Cosmic cycles, cosmology, and cosmography. In: Jacobsen KA, Basu H, Malinar A, Narayanan V (Editor-in-Chief Associate eds) Brill’s encyclopedia of Hinduism online. Consulted online on 02 October 2023. 10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1020020. First published online: 2016

    Google Scholar 

  28. Haggard P, Clark S, Kalogeras J (2002) Voluntary action and conscious awareness. Nat Neurosci 5(4):382–385. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hameroff S, Penrose RJM (1996) Orchestrated reduction of quantum coherence in brain microtubules: a model for consciousness. Math Comput Simul 40:453–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hameroff S, Penrose RJ (2014) Consciousness in the universe: a review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory. Phys Life Rev 11:39–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hansotia PJC (2003) A neurologist looks at mind and brain: “The enchanted loom.” Clin Med Res 1:327–332

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hedden T, Ketay S, Aron A, Markus HR, Gabrieli JD (2008) Cultural influences on neural substrates of attentional control. Psychol Sci. 19(1):12–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02038.x. PMID 18181784

  33. Henrich J, Heine S, Norenzayan A (2010) The weirdest people in the world? Behav Brain Sci 33(2–3):61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0999152x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Holland JH (1995) Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity. Basic Books

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hughes MC (2016) A neural network approach to predicting and computing knot invariants. J Knot Theory Its Ramifications

    Google Scholar 

  36. Jackson F (1982) Epiphenomenal Qualia. Philos Q 32(127):127–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960077.JSTOR2960077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jamal J, Bakar H (2017) Revisiting organizational credibility and organizational reputation—a situational crisis communication approach. SHS Web Conf 33:00083. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20173300083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kar M, Pathak A (2013) Vedic Mathematics—a compendium of Sutras. Mathematical Theory Model 3:146–147

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kepes S, McDaniel M (2013) How trustworthy is the scientific literature in industrial and organizational psychology? Ind Organ Psychol 6(3):252–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kitayama S, Duffy S, Kawamura T, Larsen JT (2003) Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: a cultural look at new look.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.02432

  41. Lancaster JL, Laird AR, Eickhoff SB, Martinez MJ, Fox PM, Fox PT (2012) Automated regional behavioral analysis for human brain images. Front Neuroinform 6:23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2012.00023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Landau A, Elwan D, Holtz S, Prinzmetal W (2012) Voluntary and involuntary attention vary as a function of impulsivity. Psychon Bull Rev 19(3):405–411. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0240-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Li J, Paraoanu GJ (2009) Generation and propagation of entanglement in driven coupled-qubit systems. New J Phys 11:113020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Lochtefeld JG (2001) The illustrated encyclopedia of Hinduism. A-M, Rosen Publishing, pp 224, 265, 520. ISBN 978-0823931798

    Google Scholar 

  45. Logan RK, Tandoc M (2018) Thinking in patterns and the pattern of human thought as contrasted with AI data processing. Information 9(4):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/info9040083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Mahomed F, Qadir A, Ramnarain A (2011) Laplace-type semi-invariants for a system of two linear hyperbolic equations by complex methods. Math Probl Eng 2011:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/202973

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  47. Malinar A (2007) Interconnecting parallel times: notions of time in the Caitanya tradition

    Google Scholar 

  48. Mandelbrot BB (1983) The fractal geometry of nature. W. H. Freeman

    Google Scholar 

  49. Mandelbrot BB (1980) Fractal aspects of the human brain. Phys Scr 21(4):467–474

    Google Scholar 

  50. Muniandy R, Viknarasah RG (2017) Multiple states of consciousness: ancient Hindu spiritual perspectives

    Google Scholar 

  51. Murakami J (1993) A state model for the multivariable alexander polynomial. Pac J Math 157(1):109–135. https://doi.org/10.2140/pjm.1993.157.109

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  52. Narayanan V (1999) Y51K and still counting: some Hindu views of time. J Hindu-Christian Stud 12:7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Newell B, Shanks D (2014) Unconscious influences on decision making: a critical review. Behav Brain Sci 37(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12003214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Nuland SB (ed) Doctors: the biography of medicine, 2nd ed. Vintage Books, New York, p 13

    Google Scholar 

  55. Panksepp J (1998) Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  56. Panksepp J, Knutson B, Pruitt D (1998) Toward a neuroscience of emotion: The epigenetic foundations of emotional development. In: Mascolo MF, Griffin S (eds) What develops in emotional development? Plenum, New York, pp 53–84

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  57. Parada FJ, Rossi A (2018) If neuroscience needs behavior, what does psychology need? Front Psychol 9:433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Peitgen HO, Jürgens H, Saupe D (2004) Chaos and fractals: new frontiers of science. Springer Science & Business Media

    Google Scholar 

  59. Peitgen HO, Jürgens H, Saupe D (2004) Fractals for the classroom: an introduction to fractal geometry with exercises. Springer Science & Business Media

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pradhan B, Bandyopadhyay A, Pal AJ (2004) Molecular level control of donor/acceptor heterostructures in organic photovoltaic devices. Appl Phys Lett 85(4):663–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Pramanik S, Singh P, Sahoo P, Ray K, Bandyopadhyay A (2023) 1D to 20D tensors like dodecanions and icosanions to model human cognition as morphogenesis in the density of primes. In: Kaiser MS, Waheed S, Bandyopadhyay A, Mahmud M, Ray K (eds) Proceedings of the fourth international conference on trends in computational and cognitive engineering. Lecture notes in networks and systems, vol 618. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9483-8_38

  62. Pribram KH (1991) Fractals in brain function, perception, and cognition. In Fractals in physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 263–290

    Google Scholar 

  63. Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli, Moore CA (1957) A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN: 0-691-01958-4

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ramachandran VS (2011) The tell-tale brain: a neuroscientist’s quest for what makes us human. W. W. Norton & Company

    Google Scholar 

  65. Reddy S, Sonker D, Singh P, Saxena K, Singh S, Chhajed R et al (2018) A brain-like computer made of time crystal: could a metric of prime alone replace a user and alleviate programming forever? Soft Comput Appl:1–43

    Google Scholar 

  66. Rian IM, Park J, Ahn H, Chang D (2007) Fractal geometry as the synthesis of Hindu cosmology in Kandariya Mahadev temple, Khajuraho. Build Environ 42:4093–4107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Rule NO, Moran JM, Freeman JB, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Gabrieli JD, Ambady N (2011) Face value: amygdala response reflects the validity of first impressions. Neuroimage 54(1):734–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.007. Epub 2010 Jul 12. PMID 20633663

  68. Sahu S, Ghosh S, Ghosh B, Aswani K, Hirata K, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay AJ (2013) Atomic water channel controlling remarkable properties of a single brain microtubule: correlating single protein to its supramolecular assembly. Biosens Bioelectron 47:141–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Satyanarayana B, Eye K (2012) Some mathematical concepts in ancient Sanskrit works (survey article)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Saxena K, Singh P, Sahoo S et al (2023) Self-survival of quantum vibrations of a tubulin protein and microtubule: quantum conductance and quantum capacitance. In: Kaiser MS, Waheed S, Bandyopadhyay A, Mahmud M, Ray K (eds) Proceedings of the fourth international conference on trends in computational and cognitive engineering. Lecture notes in networks and systems, vol 618. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9483-8_43

  71. Saxena K, Singh P, Sahoo P, Ghosh S, Krishnanda D, Ray K, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A (2022) All basics that are wrong with the current concept of time crystal: learning from the polyatomic time crystals of protein, microtubule, and neuron. Proc Trends Electron Health Inform 376:243–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Saxena K, Singh P, Sahoo P, Sahu S, Ghosh S, Ray K, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A (2020) Fractal, scale free electromagnetic resonance of a single brain extracted microtubule nanowire, a single tubulin protein and a single neuron. Fractal Fract 4(2):11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Schraube E (2015) Why theory matters: analytical strategies of critical psychology. Estudos De Psicologia (Campinas) 32(3):533–545. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-166x2015000300018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Sen Gupta, Anima (1986), The evolution of the Samkhya school of thought, New Delhi: South Asia Books, ISBN: 81-215-0019-2

    Google Scholar 

  75. Sim J (2022) Holding the door open for the practitioner community. Ind Organ Psychol 15(4):542–545. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2022.71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Simon HA (1996) The sciences of the artificial, 3rd ed. MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  77. Singh P, Ray K, Bandyopadhyay A (2022) Biological antenna to the humanoid bot: electromagnetic resonances in biomaterials. In: Studies in rhythm engineering (SRE). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9677-0

  78. Singh P, Sahoo P, Saxena K, Ghosh S, Sahu S, Ray K, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A (2021a) Quaternion, octonion to dodecanion manifold: stereographic projections from infinity lead to a self-operating mathematical universe. Proc Int Conf Trends Comput Cogn Eng 1169:55–77

    Google Scholar 

  79. Singh P, Sahoo P, Saxena K, Ghosh S, Sahu S, Ray K, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A (2021b) A space-time-topology-prime, stTS metric for a self-operating mathematical universe uses Dodecanion geometric algebra of 2–20 D complex vectors. Proc Int Conf Data Sci Appl 148:1–31

    Google Scholar 

  80. Singh P, Sahoo P, Saxena K, Manna JS, Ray K, Ghosh S, Fujita D (2021c) Cytoskeletal filaments deep inside a neuron are not silent: they regulate the precise timing of nerve spikes using a pair of vortices. Symmetry 13(5):821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Singh P, Saxena K, Singhania A, Sahoo P, Ghosh S, Chhajed R, Ray K, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A (2020) A self-operating time crystal model of the human brain: can we replace entire brain hardware with a 3D fractal architecture of clocks alone? Information 11(5):238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Smyth S, Casey D, Cooney A, Higgins A, McGuinness D, Bainbridge E, Murphy K (2016) Qualitative exploration of stakeholders’ perspectives of involuntary admission under the mental health act 2001 in Ireland. Int J Ment Health Nurs 26(6):554–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Stengelin R, Bohn M, Sánchez-Amaro A, Haun D, Thiele M, Daum M, Schuhmacher N et al (2023) Responsible research is also concerned with generalizability: recognizing efforts to reflect upon and increase generalizability in hiring and promotion decisions in psychology. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ykh9x

  84. Talairach J, Tournoux P (1988) Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. Thieme, New York

    Google Scholar 

  85. Tegmark MJ (2000) Importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes. Phy Rev 61:4194

    Google Scholar 

  86. Thibaut F (2018) The mind-body Cartesian dualism and psychiatry. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 20(1):3. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/fthibaut. PMID 29946205; PMCID PMC6016047

  87. Tononi G (2 Nov 2004) An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neuroscience 5(1):42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-5-42. ISSN 1471-2202. PMC 54347

  88. Tsaousi C, Sophocleous C (2010) Differential invariants for systems of linear hyperbolic equations. J Math Anal Appl 363(1):238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.08.023

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  89. Vandenberg R, Lance C (2000) A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ Res Methods 3(1):4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Wager TD (2006) Do we need to study the brain to understand the mind. APS member article

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tanusree Dutta .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dutta, T., Bandyopadhyay, A. (2024). Unsolved Mysteries of the Mind and the Brain: Fractal Brain Hypothesis. In: Emotion, Cognition and Silent Communication: Unsolved Mysteries. Studies in Rhythm Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9334-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9334-5_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-99-9333-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-99-9334-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics