Abstract
Applied anatomy of the pancreas, stem cells, secretion of bile and pancreatic secretions, and their feedback control mechanisms have been outlined. Pathogenesis and management of key clinical topics like gallstones, biliary malignancy, and indeterminate biliary stricture have been discussed. Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis, recent advances in the management of peripancreatic collections, walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN), and pancreatic malignancy are discussed. This section includes Indian data on chronic pancreatitis and genetics. The role of pancreatic functional testing and the role of pancreatic enzyme supplements have been discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Further Reading
Bishr Omary M, Lugea A, Lowe AW, Pandol SJ. The pancreatic stellate cell: a star on the rise in pancreatic diseases. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(1):50–9.
Blechacz B. Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and new developments. Gut Liver. 2017;11(1):13–26.
Chari ST, Smyrk TC, Levy MJ, Topazian MD, Takahashi N, Zhang L, Clain JE, et al. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1010–6; quiz 934.
Chignard N, Mergey M, Veissiere D, et al. Bile acid transport and regulating functions in the human biliary epithelium. Hepatology. 2001;33:496.
Choudhuri G, Srivastava A. Biliary microlithiasis. Trop Gastroenterol. 1998;19(1):11–4.
Di Sebastino P. Mechanisms of pain in chronic pancreatitis. In: Beger HG, editor. Diseases of the pancreas, current surgical therapy. Springer; 2008.
DomÃnguez-Muñoz JE. Pancreatic enzyme therapy for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9:116–22.
Elta GH. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and bile duct micro lithiasis in acute idiopathic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(7):1023–6.
Forsmark CE. Chronic pancreatitis. In: Feldman M, editor. Sleisenger & Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver disease. 8th ed. Saunders; 2006.
Garg PK, Narayana D. Changing phenotype and disease behaviour of chronic pancreatitis in India: evidence for gene-environment interactions. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom. 2016;1:e17. https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2016.13. PMID: 29868209
Jaster R. Molecular regulation of pancreatic stellate cell function. Mol Cancer. 2004;6(3):26.
Jüngst C, Kullak-Ublick GA, Jüngst D. Gallstone disease: microlithiasis and sludge. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1053–62.
Kamisawa T, Zen Y, Pillai S, et al. IgG4-related disease. Lancet. 2015;385:1460–71.
Lans JI, Geenen JE, Johanson JF. Endoscopic therapy in patients with pancreas divisum and acute pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:430.
Lee SP, Maher K, Nicholls JF. Origin and fate of biliary sludge. Gastroenterology. 1988;94:170–6.
Madura JA II, Madura JA. Diagnosis and management of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and pancreas divisum. Surg Clin N Am. 2007;87:1417–29.
McMahon AP, Ingham PW, Tabin CJ. Developmental roles and clinical significance of hedgehog signalling. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2003;53:1.
Miyabe K, Zen Y, Cornell LD, Rajagopalan G, Chowdhary VR, Roberts LR, Chari ST. Gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations of IgG4–related disease. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(4):990–1003.
Muller M, Jansen PL. Molecular aspects of hepatobiliary transport. Am J Phys. 1997;272:G1285.
Russell DW. The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis. Annu Rev Biochem. 2003;72:137.
Sahel J, Cros RC, Bourry J, Sarles H. Clinico-pathological conditions associated with pancreas divisum. Digestion. 1982;23:1.
Salonen IS. Congenital duodenal obstruction—a review of the literature and a clinical study of 66 patients, including a histopathological study of the annular pancreas and a follow-up of 36 survivors. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1978;272:1.
Shaffer EA. Gallbladder sludge: what is its clinical significance? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2001;3(2):166–73.
Sharma BC, Agarwal DK, Dhiman RK, Baijal SS, Choudhuri G, Saraswat VA. Bile lithogenicity and gallbladder emptying in patients with microlithiasis: effect of bile acid therapy. Gastroenterology. 1998;115(1):124–8.
Sherman S, Lehman GA. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment. JOP. 2001;2(6):382–400.
Swensson J, Zaheer A, Conwell D, Sandrasegaran K, Manfredi R, Tirkes T. Secretin-Enhanced MRCP: How and Why-AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021;216(5):1139–1149. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.24857
Skandalakis LJ, Rowe JS Jr, Gray SW, Skandalakis JE. Surgical embryology and anatomy of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. 1993;73:661.
Toouli J, Craig A. Sphincter of Oddi function and dysfunction. Can J Gastroenterol. 2000;14(5):411–9.
Vlahcevic ZR, Pandak WM, Stravitz RT. Regulation of bile acid biosynthesis. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 1999;28:1.
Vonlaufen A, Phillips PA, Xu Z, Goldstein D, Pirola RC, Wilson JS, Apte MV. Pancreatic stellate cells and pancreatic cancer cells: an unholy alliance. Cancer Res. 2008;68(19):7707–10.
Xu WL, Ling YC, Wang ZK, et al. Diagnostic performance of serum IgG4 level for IgG4-related disease: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:32035.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anand, A.C. (2024). Pancreas, Gallbladder, and Bile Ducts. In: Choudhuri, G., Anand, A.C., Piramanayagam, P. (eds) Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9287-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9287-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-9286-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-9287-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)