Abstract
Many geotechnical applications, such as landfill liners or covers, require an in-depth understanding of soil swelling and hydraulic conductivity. Bentonites and their amendments are often used for hydraulic barrier applications due to their distinctive properties. This research investigates the suitability of organically modified nanoclay as a bentonite amendment for hydraulic barrier applications. The performance of the nanoclay-bentonite mixture in the presence of different pollutants, such as heavy metals and organic contaminants, necessitates a thorough investigation. This work examines the effects of two heavy metals, lead and zinc, on the swelling properties and hydraulic conductivity of bentonite amended with nanoclay. Free swell test and oedometer tests were conducted on a number of bentonite and nanoclay-amended bentonite (10:90) samples under different concentrations, i.e. 0 ppm (DI water), 100 ppm, and 1000 ppm of lead and zinc. According to the findings, as heavy metal ion concentration rises, free swelling, swelling pressure, and swelling potential of both bentonite and organoclay-bentonite mixture drops. Even though the hydraulic conductivity rises for both the bentonite and nanoclay-amended bentonite, no samples exceeded the hydraulic conductivity criterion for landfill liners. Moreover, the addition of 10% nanoclay to bentonite minimizes the influence of heavy metals on the swelling and hydraulic properties of bentonite.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ASTM D2435 (2011) Standard test methods for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils using incremental loading. Annual book of ASTM standards. Philadelphia
ASTM D5890 (2009) Test method for swell index of clay mineral component of geosynthetic clay liners. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
Benson CH, Jo HY, Musso T (2015) Hydraulic conductivity of organoclay and organoclay-sand mixtures to fuels and organic liquids. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 141(2):04014094
Borjac J, El Joumaa M, Kawach R, Youssef L, Blake DA (2019) Heavy metals and organic compounds contamination in leachates collected from Deir Kanoun Ras El Ain dump and its adjacent canal in South Lebanon. Heliyon 5(8):e02212
Burns SE, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Smith JA, Redding AZ (2006) Coupled mechanical and chemical behavior of bentonite engineered with a controlled organic phase. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132(11):1404–1412
Du YJ, Fan RD, Reddy KR, Liu SY, Yang YL (2015) Impacts of presence of lead contamination in clayey soil–calcium bentonite cutoff wall backfills. Appl Clay Sci 108:111–122
Dutta J, Mishra AK (2016) Influence of the presence of heavy metals on the behaviour of bentonites. Environ Earth Sci 75(11):1–10
Ghavami M (2017) Cationic surfactant modification and its impact on the engineering behaviours of montmorillonite. PhD thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Louisville
Goodarzi AR, Fateh SN, Shekary H (2016) Impact of organic pollutants on the macro and microstructure responses of Na-bentonite. Appl Clay Sci 121:17–28
Gupt CB, Bordoloi S, Sekharan S, Sarmah AK (2020) Adsorption characteristics of Barmer bentonite for hazardous waste containment application. J Hazard Mater 396:122594
Javadi S, Ghavami M, Zhao Q, Bate B (2017) Advection and retardation of non-polar contaminants in compacted clay barrier material with organoclay amendment. Appl Clay Sci 142:30–39
Lee S, Ören AH, Benson CH, Dovantzis K (2012) Organoclays as variably permeable reactive barrier media to manage NAPLs in ground water. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138(2):115–127
Lo IMC (2001) Organoclay with soil-bentonite admixture as waste containment barriers. J Environ Eng 127(8):756–759
Naka A, Flores G, Inui T, Sakanakura H, Katsumi T (2019) Hydraulic performance and chemical compatibility of a powdered Na-bentonite geosynthetic clay liner permeated with mine drainage. Soils Found 59(5):1128–1147
Ouhadi VR, Yong RN, Sedighi M (2006) Influence of heavy metal contaminants at variable pH regimes on rheological behaviour of bentonite. Appl Clay Sci 32(3–4):217–231
Propp VR, De Silva AO, Spencer C, Brown SJ, Catingan SD, Smith JE, Roy JW (2021) Organic contaminants of emerging concern in leachate of historic municipal landfills. Environ Pollut 276:116474
Ray S, Mishra AK, Kalamdhad AS (2021) Evaluation of equilibrium, kinetic and hydraulic characteristics of Indian bentonites in presence of heavy metal for landfill application. J Clean Prod 317:128396
Sreedharan V, Sivapullaiah PV (2017) Hydraulic performance of organo clay enhanced sand bentonite as secondary liner. Indian Geotech J 47(4):469–476
Sridharan A, Gurtug Y (2004) Swelling behaviour of compacted fine-grained soils. Eng Geol 72(1–2):9–18
Sridharan A, Sivapullaiah PV (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine grained soils. Geotech Test J 28(3):240–246
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Roy, R., Mishra, A.K. (2024). Effect of Lead and Zinc on Hydraulic Conductivity and Swelling Characteristics of Nanoclay-Amended Bentonite. In: Hazarika, H., Haigh, S.K., Chaudhary, B., Murai, M., Manandhar, S. (eds) Sustainable Construction Resources in Geotechnical Engineering. IC-CREST 2023. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 448. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9227-0_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9227-0_46
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-9226-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-9227-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)