Abstract
Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain parenchyma resulting in neurological symptoms, with infectious etiologies being common. Herpes encephalitis is the most common cause of fatal encephalitis all around the world. Herpes viruses are the enveloped DNA viruses, out of which herpes simplex 1 has been found to be the most common sporadic cause. The clinical manifestations are usually altered sensorium, fever, headache, seizure, and focal neurologic symptoms. Despite treatment, HSV-1 encephalitis has high mortality and mortality with cognitive and other focal neurological sequelae.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kennedy PGE, Chaudhuri A. Herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:237–8.
Hjalmarsson A, Blomqvist P, Sköldenberg B. Herpes simplex encephalitis in Sweden, 1990-2001: incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2007;45(7):875–80.
George BP, Schneider EB, Venkatesan A. Encephalitis hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality in the United States, 2000-2010. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e104169.
Berger JR, Houff S. Neurological complications of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(5):596–600.
Dudgeon JA. Herpes encephalitis II. Pathology of herpes encephalitis. Postgrad Med J. 1969;45(524):386–91.
Ma Y, He B. Recognition of herpes simplex viruses: toll-like receptors and beyond. J Mol Biol. 2014;426(6):1133–47. 2013/11/19 ed.
Shukla ND, Tiwari V, Valyi-Nagy T. Nectin-1-specific entry of herpes simplex virus 1 is sufficient for infection of the cornea and viral spread to the trigeminal ganglia. Mol Vis. 2012;18:2711–6.
Mori I, Nishiyama Y, Yokochi T, Kimura Y. Olfactory transmission of neurotropic viruses. J Neurovirol. 2005;11(2):129–37.
Jennische E, Eriksson CE, Lange S, Trybala E, Bergström T. The anterior commissure is a pathway for contralateral spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 after olfactory tract infection. J Neurovirol. 2015;21(2):129–47.
Bradshaw MJ, Venkatesan A. Herpes simplex Virus-1 encephalitis in adults: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Neurother J Am Soc Exp Neurother. 2016;13(3):493–508.
Benjamin MM, Gummelt KL, Zaki R, Afzal A, Sloan L, Shamim S. Herpes simplex virus meningitis complicated by ascending paralysis. Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent. 2013;26(3):265–7.
Sellner J, Trinka E. Seizures and epilepsy in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: current concepts and future directions of pathogenesis and management. J Neurol. 2012;259(10):2019–30.
Armangue T, Moris G, CantarÃn-Extremera V, Conde CE, Rostasy K, Erro ME, et al. Autoimmune post-herpes simplex encephalitis of adults and teenagers. Neurology. 2015;85(20):1736–43. 2015/10/21 ed.
Steiner I, Schmutzhard E, Sellner J, Chaudhuri A, Kennedy PGE. EFNS-ENS guidelines for the use of PCR technology for the diagnosis of infections of the nervous system. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(10):1278–91.
Jayaraman K, Rangasami R, Chandrasekharan A. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in viral encephalitis: a pictorial essay. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2018;9(4):556–60.
Illis LS, Taylor FM. The electroencephalogram in herpes-simplex encephalitis. Lancet. 1972;1(7753):718–21.
Chow F. Brain and spinal epidural abscess. Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol. 2018;24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1327–48.
Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, Sejvar JJ, Marra CM, Roos KL, et al. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2008;47(3):303–27.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ojha, R. (2024). Herpes Encephalitis. In: Oli, K.K., Shrestha, G.S., Ojha, R., Pal, P.K., Pandey, S., Das, B. (eds) Case-based Approach to Common Neurological Disorders. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8676-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8676-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-8675-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-8676-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)