Abstract
Recognizing the recent pace of urbanization and carbon emissions growth, this study investigates the dependence of CO2 emissions on the urbanization of European Union (EU) countries, economic growth, total energy consumption, the amount of energy produced from renewable sources, and nuclear energy as low-carbon energy source. The main questions addressed in this study are: (1) Are there long-term and short-term relationships between the variables examined? (2) What is the connection between carbon emissions and the independent variables at different periods? (3) Can urbanization, economic development, total energy consumption, and the share of renewable and low-carbon energy sources predict the evolution of carbon emissions and thus the achievement of the EU’s carbon neutrality targets? We analyze a sample of 22 European countries for the period 1992–2019. Concerning the COVID-19 pandemic that hit Europe in early 2020, this study can be used as a comparative sample and can serve to assess the impacts of the pandemic on the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions during the pandemic as well as after the pandemic has subsided and economies have restarted. The models used in the study are as follows: threshold cross-sectional model, panel threshold models with threshold variable (urbanization of the country), Panel Models (Fixed Effects (FE), Random Effects, Least Squares Dummy Variables), Fully Modified OLS, Dynamic OLS, Panel VAR model, Pooled Mean Group Estimation, Mean Group Estimation, and Dynamic FE estimation. General moments methods (GMM) were used in the estimation of short-run relationship dynamics. The impulse response functions were used to analyze the results obtained in the GMM model. The Stata 15.1 econometric software environment was used to test unit root, variable cointegration, and to estimate the models. The best-fitting models were selected from the above models using statistical tests. Understanding the relationship between these variables is essential for informed and evidence-based decision-making and the adoption of new or revision of existing policies and strategies promoting the carbon–neutral and green economy at the EU and national levels.
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This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences under grant VEGA 1/0508/21.
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Chovancová, J., Petruška, I., Cirella, G.T., Litavcová, E. (2023). Urbanization and CO2 Emissions: Panel Data Analysis of EU Countries. In: Cirella, G.T., Dahiya, B. (eds) City Responses to Disruptions in 2020. Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7988-2_8
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