Abstract
Online learning has become an essential part of all levels of education today. However, whether an instructor should appear or not during online teaching is a dispute. Some empirical studies show that instructor presence enhances learning outcomes and engagement of students, while others reveal that instructor presence or not does not affect learning outcomes. Some studies support the presence of the instructor because the presence of the instructor provides social cues to the learners. On the contrary, others are against instructor presence because instructor presence distracts students from learning content. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify when teachers should or should not appear in videos during online teaching. This article explores the effectiveness of instructor presence in video based on multimedia learning theory. To simplify the problem, we adopt two media channels: audio and video. For a single channel alone, an additional coherent channel will enhance online learning, while a disjointed channel will hinder learning. However, additional sources from the same channel can hinder learning. Time is also a critical factor do decide on the presence of an instructor. If a screen does not appear for enough time, students cannot finish reading and may feel stressed. On the other hand, if the same screen stays on for a long time, students can feel bored. Therefore, the media channels, the media sources, and their duration decide whether an instructor should appear in a video for online learning. This concise principle can explain the dispute about the presence of an instructor during online learning. In addition, it can guide instructors on when they should present in online learning.
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Acknowledgement
Yongbin Zhang thanks Beijing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. 2021149), Beijing Higher Education Academy (MS2022398), and Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication (Grant No. 20231001) for supporting this research. Xiuli Fu appreciates the help from teachers and students participating in the survey.
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Zhang, Y., Fu, X., Wei, L., Zheng, Y. (2023). An Innovative Model for Teacher Presence or Not in Video for Online Instruction Based on Neural Theory. In: Schlippe, T., Cheng, E.C.K., Wang, T. (eds) Artificial Intelligence in Education Technologies: New Development and Innovative Practices. AIET 2023. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 190. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7947-9_5
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