Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of green communication systems and network architectures and highlights the need for energy-efficient networks. The paper begins by discussing the concept of green communication systems and the challenges associated with energy consumption in networks. The solutions and approaches for designing energy-efficient networks are then presented, including the use of energy-efficient transmission techniques, the optimization of network design and architecture, and the development of energy-efficient devices and components. Additionally, the paper presents a case study of the use of ultra-spectra communication system (USCS) in green radio communication systems to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technology in reducing energy consumption and promoting sustainability. Finally, the paper concludes by providing recommendations for future research, including the development of energy-efficient devices and components and the implementation of advanced radio communication technologies in green communication systems and networks. This paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and professionals working in the field of green communication systems and network architectures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gandotra P, Jha RK (2017) A survey on green communication and security challenges in 5G wireless communication networks. J Netw Comput Appl 96:39–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.07.002
Nisar K et al (2020) A survey on the architecture, application, and security of software defined networking: challenges and open issues. Internet Things (Netherlands) 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2020.100289
Maulana F, Fajri H, Safitra MF, Lubis M (2023) Unmasking log4j’s vulnerability: protecting systems against exploitation through ethical hacking and cyberlaw perspectives. In: 9th International conference on computer and communication engineering (ICCCE), pp 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccce58854.2023.10246082
An X, Si G, Xia T, Wang D, Pan E, Xi L (2023) An energy-efficient collaborative strategy of maintenance planning and production scheduling for serial-parallel systems under time-of-use tariffs. Appl Energy 336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120794
Safitra MF, Abdurrahman L (2023) Open-up international market opportunities: using the OSINT crawling and analyzing method. SEIKO J Manage Bus 6(1):923–931. https://doi.org/10.37531/sejaman.vxix.346
Yang J, Zhao HS, Chen X, Xu JY, Zhang JZ (2014) Energy-efficient design of spectrum prediction in cognitive radio networks: prediction strategy and communication environment. In: International conference on signal processing proceedings, ICSP. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOSP.2014.7014988
Hu X, Chen Z, Yang Z (2012) Energy-efficient scheduling strategies in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. In: CSAE 2012—proceedings, 2012 IEEE international conference on computer science and automation engineering, pp 570–572. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSAE.2012.6273017
Tran HV, Kaddoum G (2018) Green cell-less design for RF-wireless power transfer networks. In: IEEE wireless communications and networking conference, WCNC, June 2018. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2018.8377105
Kazovsky LG, Albeyoglu KM, Ayhan T, Ucar T, Van Veen D (2012) Green optical/wireless access/in-building networks. In: 2012 IEEE photonics society summer topical meeting series, PSST 2012, pp 98–99. https://doi.org/10.1109/PHOSST.2012.6280744
D’Andreagiovanni F, Garroppo RG, Scutellà MG (2018) Green design of wireless local area networks by multiband robust optimization. Electron Notes Discrete Math 64:225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endm.2018.01.024
Zhang X, Cai Z, Song W, Yang D (2023) Mapping the spatial-temporal changes in energy consumption-related carbon emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region via nighttime light data. Sustain Cities Soc 104476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104476
Su S et al (2023) Temporal dynamic assessment of household energy consumption and carbon emissions in China: from the perspective of occupants. Sustain Prod Consum 37:142–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.02.014
Lin T-Y, Chiu Y-H, Lin Y-N, Chang T-H, Lin P-Y (2023) Greenhouse gas emission indicators, energy consumption efficiency, and optimal carbon emission allowance allocation of the EU countries in 2030. Gas Sci Eng 110:204902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgsce.2023.204902
Fan J, Wang J, Qiu J, Li N (2023) Stage effects of energy consumption and carbon emissions in the process of urbanization: evidence from 30 provinces in China. Energy 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127655
Jiemin H, Chen W (2022) The impact of private sector energy investment, innovation and energy consumption on China’s carbon emissions. Renew Energy 195:1291–1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.06.131
Beghoura MA, Boubetra A, Boukerram A (2014) Green applications awareness: nonlinear energy consumption model for green evaluation. In: Proceedings—2014 8th international conference on next generation mobile applications, services and technologies, NGMAST 2014, Dec 2014. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1109/NGMAST.2014.33
Debbarma T, Chandrasekaran K (2016) Green measurement metrics towards a sustainable software: a systematic literature review. In: 2016 international conference on recent advances and innovations in engineering, ICRAIE 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRAIE.2016.7939521
Johann T, Dick M, Naumann S, Kern E (2012) How to measure energy-efficiency of software: metrics and measurement results. In: 2012 1st international workshop on green and sustainable software, GREENS 2012—proceedings, pp 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/GREENS.2012.6224256
Lian X, Nikookar H, Ligthart LP (2011) Green communications and positioning by integration of adaptive and distributed beam-forming technologies in cognitive radio systems. In: 2011 2nd international conference on wireless communication, vehicular technology, information theory and aerospace and electronic systems technology, wireless VITAE 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/WIRELESSVITAE.2011.5940897
Srivastava A, Gupta MS, Kaur G (2020) Energy efficient transmission trends towards future green cognitive radio networks (5G): progress, taxonomy and open challenges. J Netw Comput Appl 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102760
Jalil Piran M et al (2020) Multimedia communication over cognitive radio networks from QoS/QoE perspective: a comprehensive survey. J Netw Comput Appl 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102759
Akeela R, Dezfouli B (2018) Software-defined radios: architecture, state-of-the-art, and challenges. Comput Commun 128:106–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2018.07.012
Hwang Y, Oh S (2022) A study on ultra-reliable and low-latency communication technologies for 5G & 6G services. In: International conference on ICT convergence. IEEE Computer Society, pp 1207–1209. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTC55196.2022.9952510
Choi S, Yoo J, Kim C (2022) Implementation of UPF supporting ultra reliable low latency communication for 5G core. In: International conference on ICT convergence. IEEE Computer Society, pp 2315–2318. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTC55196.2022.9953012
Inoue H, Ishizaka K, Sakai J (2011) Greening of many-core processors in network-optimized computing. In: GLOBECOM—IEEE global telecommunications conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2011.6133515
Farias FS, Monti P, Vastberg A, Nilson M, Costa JCWA, Wosinska L (2013) Green backhauling for heterogeneous mobile access networks: what are the challenges? In: ICICS 2013—conference guide of the 9th international conference on information, communications and signal processing. IEEE Computer Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICS.2013.6782868
Lun J, Grace D (2014) Cognitive green backhaul deployments for future 5G networks. In: 2014 1st international workshop on cognitive cellular systems, CCS 2014, Oct 2014. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCS.2014.6933790
Rugeles Uribe JDJ, Guillen EP, Cardoso LS (2022) A technical review of wireless security for the internet of things: software defined radio perspective. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 34(7):4122–4134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.04.003
Dubey R, Mishra PK, Pandey S (2022) An energy efficient scheme by exploiting multi-hop D2D communications for 5G networks. Phys Commun 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2021.101576
Light J (2020) Green networking: a simulation of energy efficient methods. Procedia Comput Sci 1489–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.159
Latif S, Mahfooz S, Jan B, Ahmad N, Cao Y, Asif M (2018) A comparative study of scenario-driven multi-hop broadcast protocols for VANETs. Veh Commun 12:88–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2018.01.009
Zheng J, Yang P, Luo J, Liu Q, Yu L (2016) Per-user throughput analysis for secondary users in multi-hop cognitive radio networks. Comput Netw 106:122–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2016.02.015
Agrawal SK, Samant A, Yadav SK (2022) Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks and metacognition for dynamic spectrum sharing between radar and communication system: a review. Phys Commun 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2022.101673
Pamuklu T, Ersoy C (2021) GROVE: a cost-efficient green radio over ethernet architecture for next generation radio access networks. IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw 5(1):84–93. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2020.3042121
Srivastava A, Gupta MS, Kaur G (2020) Energy efficient transmission trends towards future green cognitive radio networks (5G): progress, taxonomy and open challenges. J Netw Comput Appl 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102760
Safitra MF, Lubis M, Fakhrurroja H (2023) Counterattacking cyber threats: a framework for the future of cybersecurity. Sustainability 15(18):13369. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813369
Safitra MF, Lubis M, Kurniawan MT (2023) Cyber resilience: research opportunities. ACM Int Conf Proc Ser 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/3592307.3592323
Cheng RG, Hsu WL, Lin PC (2015) A framework design for load-balanced green access networks supporting GSM femtocell. Smart Sci 3(1):40–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2015.11665635
ELhagry MM, Elkady Z, Abdel-Rahim N, Bendary F (2016) New topology of multiple-input single-output PV system for DC load applications. J Electr Syst Inf Technol 3(3):471–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2015.10.005
Affam A, Buswig YM, Othman AKBH, Bin Julai N, Qays O (2021) A review of multiple input DC-DC converter topologies linked with hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110186
Hardie DG, Schaffer BE, Brunet A (2016) AMPK: an energy-sensing pathway with multiple inputs and outputs. Trends Cell Biol 26(3):190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2015.10.013
Gao J, Zhu X, Nandi AK (2011) Independent component analysis for multiple-input multiple-output wireless communication systems. Signal Process 91(4):607–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2010.08.008
Bousios S, Worrell E (2017) Towards a multiple input-multiple output paper mill: opportunities for alternative raw materials and sidestream valorisation in the paper and board industry. Resour Conserv Recycl 125:218–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.06.020
Qu Z, Song Q, Yin S (2014) Optimal spectrum sensing in energy harvesting cognitive radio systems. China Commun 11(5):83–90. https://doi.org/10.1109/CC.2014.6880463
Zhang L, Zhao M, Tan C, Li G, Lv C (2020) Research on spectrum sensing system based on composite neural network. In: Proceedings—2020 2nd international conference on advances in computer technology, information science and communications, CTISC 2020, Mar 2020. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/CTISC49998.2020.00010
Safitra MF, Lubis M, Kurniawan MT, Alhari MI, Nuraliza H, Azzahra SF, Putri DP (2023) Green networking: challenges, opportunities, and future trends for sustainable development. In: Proceedings of the 2023 11th international conference on computer and communications management, pp 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1145/3617733.3617760
Safitra MF, Lubis M, Kurniawan MT, Saedudin RdR, Alhari MI (2023) Beyond efficiency: advancing sustainability in data centers through TIA-942 guidelines and case studies. In: Proceedings of the 2023 11th international conference on computer and communications management, pp 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1145/3617733.3617751
Safitra MF, Lubis M, Widjajarto A (2023) Security vulnerability analysis using penetration testing execution standard (PTES): case study of government’s website. In: ACM International conference proceeding series, pp 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1145/3592307.3592329
Chen X, Hu W, Feng D (2022) Direct sequence spread spectrum time division multiple access with direct detection for latency optimized passive optical network. Opt Commun 510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2022.127955
Wang Y, Dong X (2006) A time-division multiple-access SC-FDE system with IBI suppression for UWB communications. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 24(4):920–926. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2005.863884
Zhu H, Li M, Fu L, Xue G, Zhu Y, Ni LM (2011) Impact of traffic influxes: revealing exponential intercontact time in urban VANETs. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 22(8):1258–1266. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2010.176
Shah PMA, Qureshi SS, Butt RA, Mahdaliza Idrus S, Mirza J (2021) Design and analysis of 5G network architecture with orthogonal frequency division multiple access based passive optical network. Opt Fiber Technol 67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2021.102678
Alamri AY, Badran EF (2020) A space-frequency block codes MIMO single-carrier code-frequency-division multiple access system. AEU Int J Electron Commun 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2019.153053
Morelli M, Kuo CCJ, Pun MO (2007) Synchronization techniques for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA): a tutorial review. Proc IEEE 95(7):1394–1427. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2007.897979
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Safitra, M.F., Lubis, M., Lubis, A.R., Alhari, M.I. (2024). The Need for Energy-Efficient Networks: A Review of Green Communication Systems and Network Architectures. In: Nagar, A.K., Jat, D.S., Mishra, D., Joshi, A. (eds) Intelligent Sustainable Systems. WorldS4 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 803. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7569-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7569-3_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-7568-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-7569-3
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)