Abstract
Fraud detection is a critical issue in the field of finance, as it can help to prevent fraud and minimize losses caused by fraud. Deep learning techniques learn the intrinsic knowledge of huge data, build explainable transaction knowledge graphs, and effectively predict potential fraudulent transactions, making it an essential technique in financial fraud detection. In this paper, we systematically review the existing financial fraud detection technologies, focusing on deep learning-based financial fraud detection methods. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to systematically introduce financial fraud detection methods based on transformer models, including the most recent pre-training transformer models, which can be thought of as parametric knowledge. Finally, we also analyze and summarize the challenges of financial fraud detection research, to promote its future development of research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
West, J., Bhattacharya, M.: Intelligent financial fraud detection: a comprehensive review. Comput. Secur. 57, 47–66 (2016)
Mangala, D., Soni, L.: A systematic literature review on frauds in banking sector. J. Financ. Crime 30(1), 285–301 (2023)
Dyck, A., Morse, A., Zingales, L.: How pervasive is corporate fraud? Rev. Account. Stud., 1–34 (2023)
Chauhan, N.K., Singh, K.: 2018 A review on conventional machine learning vs deep learning. In: International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON). IEEE, pp. 347–352 (2018)
Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 30 (2017)
Hu, N., et al.: An empirical study of pre-trained language models in simple knowledge graph question answering. In: World Wide Web, pp. 1–32 (2023)
Alarfaj, F.K., Malik, I., Khan, H.U., Almusallam, N., Ramzan, M., Ahmed, M.: Credit card fraud detection using state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning algorithms. IEEE Access 10, 39 700–39 715 (2022)
Hemdan, E.E.-D., Manjaiah, D.: Anomaly credit card fraud detection using deep learning. In: Deep Learning in Data Analytics: Recent Techniques, Practices and Applications, pp. 207–217 (2022)
Kolli, C.S., Tatavarthi, U.D.: Money transaction fraud detection using Harris grey wolf-based deep stacked auto encoder. Int. J. Amb. Comput. Intell. (IJACI) 13(1), 1–21 (2022)
Kumar, S., Ravi, V.: Explainable deep belief network based auto encoder using novel extended Garson algorithm, arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.08501 (2022)
Gradxs, G.P.B., Rao, N.: Behaviour based credit card fraud detection design and analysis by using deep stacked autoencoder based Harris grey wolf (HGW) method. Scand. J. Inf. Syst. 35(1), 1–8 (2023)
Fanai, H., Abbasimehr, H.: A novel combined approach based on deep autoencoder and deep classifiers for credit card fraud detection. Expert Syst. Appl. 217, 119562 (2023)
Singh Yadav, A.K., Sora, M.: Unsupervised learning for financial statement fraud detection using manta ray foraging based convolutional neural network. Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp. 34(27), e7340 (2022)
Zioviris, G., Kolomvatsos, K., Stamoulis, G.: Credit card fraud detection using a deep learning multistage model. J. Supercomput. 78(12), 14 571–14 596 (2022)
Alharbi, A., et al.: A novel text2IMG mechanism of credit card fraud detection: a deep learning approach. Electronics 11(5), 756 (2022)
Illanko, K., Soleymanzadeh, R., Fernando, X.: A big data deep learning approach for credit card fraud detection. In: Pandian, A.P., Fernando, X., Haoxiang, W. (eds.) Computer Networks, Big Data and IoT. LNDECT, vol. 117, pp. 633–641. Springer, Singapore (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0898-9_50
Gambo, M.L., Zainal, A., Kassim, M.N.: A convolutional neural network model for credit card fraud detection. In: 2022 International Conference on Data Science and Its Applications (ICoDSA), pp. 198–202. IEEE (2022)
Murugan, Y., Vijayalakshmi, M., Selvaraj, L., Balaraman, S.: Credit card fraud detection using CNN. In: Misra, R., Kesswani, N., Rajarajan, M., Veeravalli, B., Patel, A. (eds.) ICIoTCT 2021. LNNS, vol. 340, pp. 194–204. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94507-7_19
Jurgovsky, J., et al.: Sequence classification for credit-card fraud detection. Expert Syst. Appl. 100, 234–245 (2018)
Esenogho, E., Mienye, I.D., Swart, T.G., Aruleba, K., Obaido, G.: A neural network ensemble with feature engineering for improved credit card fraud detection. IEEE Access 10, 16 400–16 407 (2022)
Branco, B., Abreu, P., Gomes, A.S., Almeida, M.S., Ascensão, J.T., Bizarro, P.: Interleaved sequence RNNs for fraud detection. In: Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, pp. 3101–3109 (2020)
Xie, Y., Liu, G., Yan, C., Jiang, C., Zhou, M.: Time-aware attention-based gated network for credit card fraud detection by extracting transactional behaviors. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst (2022)
Roseline, J.F., Naidu, G., Pandi, V.S., Alias Rajasree, S.A., Mageswari, N.: Autonomous credit card fraud detection using machine learning approach. Comput. Electr. Eng. 102, 108132 (2022)
Geetha, N., Dheepa, G.: A hybrid deep learning and modified butterfly optimization based feature selection for transaction credit card fraud detection. J. Posit. Sch. Psychol 6(7), 5328–5345 (2022)
Xia, H., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Z.: Auto insurance fraud identification based on a CNN-LSTM fusion deep learning model. Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput. 39(1–2), 37–45 (2022)
Zhou, Y., Zheng, H., Huang, X., Hao, S., Li, D., Zhao, J.: Graph neural networks: taxonomy, advances, and trends. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. (TIST) 13(1), 1–54 (2022)
Dou, Y., Liu, Z., Sun, L., Deng, Y., Peng, H., Yu, P.S.: Enhancing graph neural network-based fraud detectors against camouflaged fraudsters. In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference On Information & Knowledge Management, pp. 315–324 (2020)
Liu, Y., et al.: Pick and choose: a GNN-based imbalanced learning approach for fraud detection. In: Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021, pp. 3168–3177 (2021)
Ren, J., Xia, F., Lee, I., Hoshyar, A.N., Aggarwal, C.C.: Graph learning for anomaly analytics: algorithms, applications, and challenges. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. 14, 1–29 (2022)
Rajput, N., Singh, K.: Temporal graph learning for financial world: algorithms, scalability, explainability & fairness. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 4818–4819 (2022)
Mao, X., Liu, M., Wang, Y.: Using GNN to detect financial fraud based on the related party transactions network. Procedia Comput. Sci. 214, 351–358 (2022)
Zhang, J., Yang, F., Lin, K., Lai, Y.: Hierarchical multi-modal fusion on dynamic heterogeneous graph for health insurance fraud detection. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2022)
Wang, J., Guo, Y., Wang, Z., Wen, X., Ni, J.: Graph neural network with feature enhancement of isolated marginal groups. Appl. Intell. 52, 1–13 (2022)
Long, J., Fang, F., Luo, H.: A novel GNN model for fraud detection in online trading activities. In: Lai, Y., Wang, T., Jiang, M., Xu, G., Liang, W., Castiglione, A. (eds.) ICA3PP 2021, Part II. LNCS, vol. 13156, pp. 603–614. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95388-1_40
Pan, Z., Wang, G., Li, Z., Chen, L., Bian, Y., Lai, Z.: 2SFGL: a simple and robust protocol for graph-based fraud detection. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), pp. 194–201. IEEE (2022)
Li, R., Liu, Z., Ma, Y., Yang, D., Sun, S.: Internet financial fraud detection based on graph learning. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. (2022)
Li, P., Xie, Y., Xu, X., Zhou, J., Xuan, Q.: Phishing fraud detection on ethereum using graph neural network. In: Svetinovic, D., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Huang, X., Chen, X. (eds.) BlockSys 2022. CCIS, vol. 1679, pp. 362–375. Springer, Singapore (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8043-5_26
Mo, C., Li, S., Tso, G.K., Zhou, J., Qi, Y., Zhu, M.: Motif-aware temporal GCN for fraud detection in signed cryptocurrency trust networks, arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.13123 (2022)
Qiao, C., Tong, Y., Xiong, A., Huang, J., Wang, W.: Block-chain abnormal transaction detection method based on dynamic graph representation. In: Fang, F., Shu, F. (eds.) GameNets 2022. LNICS, SITE, vol. 457, pp. 3–15. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23141-4_1
Hall, H., Baiz, P., Nadler, P.: Efficient analysis of transactional data using graph convolutional networks. In: Kamp, M., et al. (eds.) ECML PKDD 2021, Part II. CCIS, vol. 1525, pp. 210–225. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93733-1_15
Yuan, M.: A transformer-based model integrated with feature selection for credit card fraud detection. In: 2022 7th International Conference on Machine Learning Technologies (ICMLT), pp. 185–190 (2022)
Zhang, S., Suzumura, T., Zhang, L.: DynGraphTrans: dynamic graph embedding via modified universal transformer networks for financial transaction data. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Smart Data Services (SMDS), pp. 184–191. IEEE (2021)
Rodríguez, J.F., Papale, M., Carminati, M., Zanero, S., et al.: A natural language processing approach for financial fraud detection. In: Proceedings of the Italian Conference on Cybersecurity ITASEC 2022, Rome, Italy, 20–23 June 2022, vol. 3260, pp. 135–149. CEUR-WS.org (2022)
Cai, Q., He, J.: Credit payment fraud detection model based on TabNet and xgboot. In: 2022 2nd International Conference on Consumer Electronics and Computer Engineering (ICCECE), pp. 823–826. IEEE (2022)
Abakarim, Y., Lahby, M., Attioui, A.: A bagged ensemble convolutional neural networks approach to recognize insurance claim frauds. Appl. Syst. Innov. 6(1), 20 (2023)
Padhi, I., et al.: Tabular transformers for modeling multivariate time series. In: ICASSP 2021–2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 3565–3569. IEEE (2021)
Hewapathirana, I., Kekayan, N., Diyasena, D.: A systematic investigation on the effectiveness of the Tabbert model for credit card fraud detection. In: 2022 International Research Conference on Smart Computing and Systems Engineering (SCSE), vol. 5, pp. 96–101. IEEE (2022)
Hu, S., Zhang, Z., Luo, B., Lu, S., He, B., Liu, L.: BERT4ETH: a pre-trained transformer for ethereum fraud detection. In: Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023, pp. 2189–2197 (2023)
Gai, Y., Zhou, L., Qin, K., Song, D., Gervais, A.: Blockchain large language models, arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.12749 (2023)
Teng, H., Wang, C., Yang, Q., Chen, X., Li, R.: Leveraging adversarial augmentation on imbalance data for online trading fraud detection. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. (2023)
Langevin, A., Cody, T., Adams, S., Beling, P.: Generative adversarial networks for data augmentation and transfer in credit card fraud detection. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 73(1), 153–180 (2022)
El Kafhali, S., Tayebi, M.: Generative adversarial neural networks based oversampling technique for imbalanced credit card dataset. In: 2022 6th SLAAI International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (SLAAI-ICAI), pp. 1–5. IEEE (2022)
Wu, R., Ma, B., Jin, H., Zhao, W., Wang, W., Zhang, T.: Grande: a neural model over directed multigraphs with application to anti-money laundering. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), pp. 558–567. IEEE (2022)
Xia, P., Ni, Z., Zhu, X., He, Q., Chen, Q.: A novel prediction model based on long short-term memory optimised by dynamic evolutionary glowworm swarm optimisation for money laundering risk. Int. J. Bio-Inspired Comput. 19(2), 77–86 (2022)
Kržmanc, G., Koprivec, F., Škrjanc, M.: Using machine learning for anti money laundering. Evaluation 12, 13 (2022)
Yu, T., Chen, X., Xu, Z., Xu, J.: MP-GCN: a phishing nodes detection approach via graph convolution network for ethereum. Appl. Sci. 12(14), 7294 (2022)
Tang, J., Zhao, G., Zou, B.: Semi-supervised graph convolutional network for ethereum phishing scam recognition. In: Third International Conference on Electronics and Communication; Network and Computer Technology (ECNCT 2021), vol. 12167, pp. 369–375. SPIE (2022)
Gangadhar, K., Kumar, B.A., Vivek, Y., Ravi, V.: Chaotic variational auto encoder based one class classifier for insurance fraud detection, arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.07802 (2022)
Liu, X., Fan, M.: Identification and early warning of financial fraud risk based on bidirectional long-short term memory model. Math. Probl. Eng. 2022 (2022)
Fukas, P., Menzel, L., Thomas, O.: Augmenting data with generative adversarial networks to improve machine learning-based fraud detection (2022)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Key R &D Program of China (2021YFB2700500, 2021YFB2700501), the self-established Key Research Fund (119001-BB2201) of Intelligent Computing Theory and Method from Zhejiang Laboratory. The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Fei Yu, Guilin Qi, and Yuandi Li for their contribution to the discussion and review. In addition, the authors wish to acknowledge the editor and anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments, which have improved the quality of this publication.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Wang, H., Zheng, J., Carvajal-Roca, I.E., Chen, L., Bai, M. (2023). Financial Fraud Detection Based on Deep Learning: Towards Large-Scale Pre-training Transformer Models. In: Wang, H., Han, X., Liu, M., Cheng, G., Liu, Y., Zhang, N. (eds) Knowledge Graph and Semantic Computing: Knowledge Graph Empowers Artificial General Intelligence. CCKS 2023. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1923. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7224-1_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7224-1_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-7223-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-7224-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)