Abstract
Electrospinning enables producing nanofibers or nanofiber mats from diverse polymers, polymer blends or polymers with embedded nanoparticles. Depending on the technology used, even core–shell structures or Janus fibers can be created. Such nanofibers can be applied in a broad range of fields, from biotechnology and biomedicine to filters and batteries. Here we give an overview of different electrospinning methods, from the needle-based technique to better upscalable needleless techniques, followed by recent developments in near-field electrospinning. Starting from the basic knowledge, each section will explain the respective techniques in detail, allowing beginners to get a first idea as well as specialists to gain most recent knowledge in the broad field of electrospinning.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cooley, J.F.: Apparatus for electrically dispersing fluids, US 692,631, 1902
Morton, W.J.: Method of dispersing fluids, US 705,691, 1902
Cooley, J.F.: Electrical method of dispersing fluids, US 745,276, 1903
Hagiwaba, K., Oji-Machi, O., Ku, K.: Process for manufacturing artificial silk and other filaments by applying electric current, Jpn 1,699,615, 1929
Formhals, A.: Process and apparatus for preparing artificial threads, US 1,975,504, 1934
Jacobsen, M.: The nonwovens industry meets the filtration business. Nonwovens Industry, May 1991, 36–41
Kim, S.E., Heo, D.N., Lee, J.B., Kim, J.R., Park, S.H., Jeon, S.H., Kwon, I.K.: Electrospun gelatin/polyurethane blended nanofibers for wound healing. Biomed. Mater. 4, 044106 (2009)
Sadri, M., Arab-Sorkhi, S., Vatani, H., Bagheri-Pebdeni, A.: New wound dressing polymeric nanofiber containing green tea extract prepared by electrospinning method. Fibers Polym. 16, 1742–1750 (2015)
Mamun, A.: Review of possible applications of nanofibrous mats for wound dressings. Tekstilec 62, 89–100 (2019)
Law, J.X., Liau, L.L., Saim, A., Yang, Y., Idrus, R.: Electrospun collagen nanofibers and their applications in skin tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 14, 699–718 (2017)
Nemati, S., Kim, S.-J., Shin, Y.M., Shin, H.S.: Current progress in application of polymeric nanofibers to tissue engineering. Nano Converg. 6, 36 (2019)
Wehlage, D., Blattner, H., Mamun, A., Kutzli, I., Diestelhorst, E., Rattenholl, A., Gudermann, F., LĂ¼tkemeyer, D., Ehrmann, A.: Cell growth on electrospun nanofiber mats from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) blends. AIMS Bioeng. 7, 43–54 (2020)
Séon-Lutz, M., Couffin, A.-C., Vignoud, S., Schlatter, G., Hébraud, A.: Electrospinning in water and in situ crosslinking of hyaluronic acid/cyclodextrin nanofibers: towards wound dressing with controlled drug release. Carbohyd. Polym. 207, 276–287 (2019)
Kajdic, S., Planinsek, O., Gasperlin, M., Kocbek, P.: Electrospun nanofibers for customized drug-delivery systems. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 51, 672–681 (2019)
Zupancic, S., Preem, L., Kristl, J., Putrins, M., Tenson, T., Kocbek, P., Kogermann, K.: Impact of PCL nanofiber mat structural properties on hydrophilic drug release and antibacterial activity on periodontal pathogens. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 122, 347–358 (2018)
di Blasi, A., Busaccaa, C., Di Blasia, O., Briguglioa, N., Squadritoa, G., Antonuccia, V.: Synthesis of flexible electrodes based on electrospun carbon nanofibers with Mn3O4 nanoparticles for vanadium redox flow battery application. Appl. Energy 190, 165–171 (2017)
Liu, M., Deng, N.P., Ju, J.G., Fan, L.L., Wang, L.Y., Li, Z.J., Zhao, H.J., Yang, G., Kang, W.M., Yan, J., Chen, B.: A review: electrospun nanofiber materials for lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Func. Mater. 29, 1905467 (2019)
Bhaway, S.M., Chen, Y.-M., Guo, Y.H., Tangvijitsakul, P., Soucek, M.D., Cakmak, M., Zhu, Y., Vogt, B.D.: Hierarchical electrospun and cooperatively assembled nanoporous Ni/NiO/MnOx/carbon nanofiber composites for lithium ion battery anodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8, 19484–19493 (2016)
Li, Y., Li, H.X., Cao, K.Z., Jin, T., Wang, X.J., Sun, H.M., Ning, J.X., Wang, Y.J., Jiao, L.F.: Electrospun three dimensional Co/CoP@nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers network for efficient hydrogen evolution. Energy Stor. Mater. 12, 44–53 (2018)
Cho, Y.-B., Yu, A., Lee, C.M., Kim, M.H., Lee, Y.M.: Fundamental study of facile and stable hydrogen evolution reaction at eectrospun Ir and Ru mixed oxide nanofibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 541–549 (2018)
Surendran, S., Shanmugapriya, S., Sivanantham, A., Shanmugam, S., Selvan, R.K.: Electrospun carbon nanofibers encapsulated with NiCoP: a multifunctional electrode for supercapattery and oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1800555 (2018)
Mali, S.S., Shim, C.S., Kim, H., Hong, C.K.: Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) grafted zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) nanofiber scaffolds for highly efficient mixed-halide perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 12158–12169 (2016)
JuhĂ¡sz Junger, I., Wehlage, D., Böttjer, R., Grothe, T., JuhĂ¡sz, L., Grassmann, C., Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, A.: Dye-sensitized solar cells with electrospun nanofiber mat-based counter electrodes. Materials. 11, 1604 (2018)
Kohn, S., Wehlage, D., JuhĂ¡sz Junger, I., Ehrmann, A.: Electrospinning a dye-sensitized solar cell. Catalysts. 9, 975 (2019)
Zhao, H.P., Liu, L., Vellacheri, R., Lei, Y.: Recent advances in designing and fabricating self-supported nanoelectrodes for supercapacitors. Adv. Sci 4, 1700188 (2017)
Wang, F., Wu, X., Yuan, X., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Fu, L., Zhu, Y., Zhou, Q., Wu, Y., Huang, W.: Latest advances in supercapacitors: from new electrode materials to novel device designs. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 6816–6854 (2017)
Wang, C.H., Kaneti, Y.V., Bando, Y., Lin, J.J., Liu, C., Li, J.S., Yamauchi, Y.: Metal-organic framework-derived one-dimensional porous or hollow carbon-based nanofibers for energy storage and conversion. Mater. Horiz. 5, 394–407 (2018)
Sahay, R., Thavasi, V., Ramakrishna, S.: Design modifications in electrospinning setup for advanced applications. J. Nanomater. 2011, 317673 (2011)
Taylor, R.E.: Electrically driven jets. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 313, 453–475 (1969)
Spivak, A.F., Dzenis, Y.A.: Asymptotic decay of radius of a weakly conductive viscous jet in an external electric field. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3067–3069 (1998)
Yarin, A.L., Koombhongse, S., Reneker, D.H.: Bending instability in electrospinning of nanofibers. J. Appl. Phys. 89, 3018–3026 (2001)
Hohman, M.M., Shin, M., Rutledge, G., Brenner, M.P.: Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. I. Stability theory. Phys. Fluids. 13, 2201–2220 (2001)
Feng, J.J.: The stretching of an electrified non-Newtonian jet: a model for electrospinning. Phys. Fluids 14, 3912–3926 (2002)
Carroll, C.P., Joo, Y.L.: Electrospinning of viscoelastic Boger fluids: modeling and experiments. Phys. Fluids 18, 053102 (2006)
Xue, J.J., Wu, T., Dai, Y.Q., Xia, Y.: Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: methods, materials, and applications. Chem. Rev. 119, 5298–5415 (2019)
Reneker, D.H., Yarin, A.L., Fong, H., Koombhongse, S.: Bending instability of electrically charged liquid jets of polymer solutions in electrospinning. J. Appl. Phys. 87, 4531–4546 (2000)
Shin, Y.M., Hohman, M.M., Brenner, M.P., Rutledge, G.C.: Experimental characterization of electrospinning: the electrically forced jet and instabilities. Polymer 42, 9955 (2001)
Shin, Y.M., Hohman, M.M., Brenner, M.P., Rutledge, G.C.: Electrospinning: a whipping fluid jet generates submicron polymer fibers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1149–1151 (2001)
Zuo, W.W., Zhu, M.F., Yang, W., Yu, H., Chen, Y.M., Zhang, Y.: Experimental study on relationship between jet instability and formation of beaded fibers during electrospinning. Polymer Eng. Sci. 45, 704–709 (2005)
Fong, H., Chun, I., Reneker, D.H.: Beaded nanofibers formed during electrospinning. Polymer 40, 4585–4592 (1999)
Sabantina, L., Mirasol, J.R., Cordero, T., Finsterbusch, K., Ehrmann, A.: Investigation of needleless electrospun PAN nanofiber mats. AIP Conf. Ser. 1952, 020085 (2018)
Greiner, A., Wendorff, J.H.: Electrospinning: a fascinating method for the preparation of ultrathin fibers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 5670–5703 (2007)
Struik, L.C.E.: Physical aging in plastics and other glassy materials. Polymer Eng. Sci. 17, 165–173 (1977)
Agarwal, S., Puchner, M., Greiner, A., Wendorff, J.H.: Synthesis and microstructural characterisation of copolymers of L-lactide and trimethylene carbonate prepared using the SmI2/Sm initiator system. Polym. Int. 54, 1422–1428 (2005)
Chen, H.P., Liu, Z., Cebe, P.: Chain confinement in electrospun nanofibers of PET with carbon nanotubes. Polymer 50, 872–880 (2009)
Su, Z.Y., Li, J.F., Li, Q., Ni, T.Y., Gang, W.: Chain conformation, crystallization behavior, electrical and mechanical properties of electrospun polymer-carbon nanotube hybrid nanofibers with different orientations. Carbon. 50, 5605–5617 (2012)
Kolbuk, D., Sajkiewicz, P., Kowalewski, T.A.: Optical birefringence and molecular orientation of electrospun polycaprolactone fibers by polarizing-interference microscopy. Eur. Polym. J. 48, 275–283 (2012)
Fennessey, S.F., Farris, R.J.: Fabrication of aligned and molecularly oriented electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and the mechanical behavior of their twisted yarns. Polymer 45, 4217–4225 (2004)
Xue, J.J., Xie, J.W., Liu, W.Y., Xia, Y.N.: Electrospun nanofibers: new concepts, materials, and applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 50, 1976–1987 (2017)
Li, Y., Lim, C.T., Kotaki, M.: Study on structural and mechanical properties of porous PLA nanofibers electrospun by channel-based electrospinning system. Polymer 56, 572–580 (2015)
McCann, J.T., Marquez, M., Xia, Y.N.: Highly porous fibers by electrospinning into a cryogenic liquid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 1436–1437 (2006)
Zhang, Y.Z., Feng, Y., Huang, Z.-M., Ramakrishna, S., Lim, C.T.: Fabrication of porous electrospun nanofibres. Nanotechnology 17, 901–908 (2006)
Lee, J.B., Jeong, S.I., Bae, M.S., Yang, D.H., Heo, D.N., Kim, C.H., Alsberg, E., Kwon, I.K.: Highly porous electrospun nanofibers enhanced by ultrasonication for improved cellular infiltration. Tissue Eng. A 17, 2695–2702 (2011)
Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Sun, X.-F., Liu, J., Fan, J., Huang, D.-W.: Multi-jet electrospinning via auxiliary electrode. Mater. Lett. 141, 153–156 (2015)
Wu, Y.-K., Wang, L., Fan, J., Shou, W., Zhou, B.-M., Liu, Y.: Multi-jet electrospinning with auxiliary electrode: the influence of solution properties. Polymers 10, 572 (2018)
Teo, W.E., Kotaki, M., Mo, X.M., Ramakrishna, S.: Porous tubular structures with controlled fibre orientation using a modified electrospinning method. Nanotechnology 16, 918–924 (2005)
Carnell, L.S., Siochi, E.J., Wincheski, R.A., Holloway, N.M., Clark, R.L.: Electric field effects on fiber alignment using an auxiliary electrode during electrospinning. Scripta Mater. 60, 359–361 (2009)
Gu, B.K., Shin, M.K., Sohn, K.W., Kim, S.I., Kim, S.J., Kim, S.-K., Lee, H.W., Park, J.S.: Direct fabrication of twisted nanofibers by electrospinning. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 263902 (2007)
Zheng, Y.S., Liu, X.K., Zeng, Y.C.: Electrospun nanofibers from a multihole spinneret with uniform electric field. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130, 3221–3228 (2013)
Kim, G.H., Cho, Y.-S., Kim, W.D.: Stability analysis for multi-jets electrospinning process modified with a cylindrical electrode. Eur. Polym. J. 42, 2031–2038 (2006)
Tian, L., Zhao, C.C., Li, J., Pan, Z.J.: Multi-needle, electrospun, nanofiber filaments: effects of the needle arrangement on the nanofiber alignment degree and electrostatic field distribution. Tex. Res. J. 85, 621–631 (2015)
Varabhas, J.S., Chase, G.G., Reneker, D.H.: Electrospun nanofibers from a porous hollow tube. Polymer 49, 4226–4229 (2008)
Yang, Y., Jia, Z.D., Li, Q., Hou, L., Liu, J.N., Wang, L.M., Guan, Z.C., Zahn, M.: A shield ring enhanced equilateral hexagon distributed multi-needle electrospinning spinneret. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 17, 1592–1601 (2010)
Zhu, Z.M., Wu, P.X., Wang, Z.F., Xu, G.J., Wang, H., Chen, X., Wang, R.Z., Huang, W.M., Chen, R., Chen, X., Liu, Z.: Optimization of electric field uniformity of multi-needle electrospinning nozzle. AIP Adv. 9, 105104 (2019)
Kabay, G., Demirci, C., Can, G.K., Meydan, A.E., Dasan, B.G., Mutlu, M.: A comparative study of single-needle and coaxial electrospun amyloid-like protein nanofibers to investigate hydrophilic drug release behavior. Biological Macromol. 114, 989–997 (2018)
Jiang, H.L., Hu, Y.Q., Li, Y., Zhao, P.C., Zhu, K., Chen, W.L.: A facile technique to prepare biodegradable coaxial electrospun nanofibers for controlled release of bioactive agents. J. Controlled Release 108, 237–243 (2005)
Komur, B., Bayrak, F., Ekren, N., Eroglu, M.S., Oktar, F.N., Sinirlioglu, Z.A., Yucel, S., Guler, O., Gunduz, O.: Starch/PCL composite nanofibers by co-axial electrospinning technique for biomedical applications. Biomed. Eng. Online 16, 40 (2017)
Chen, R., Huang, C., Ke, Q.F., He, C.L., Wang, H.S., Mo, X.M.: Preparation and characterization of coaxial electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane/collagen compound nanofibers for tissue engineering applications. Coll. Surf. B Bioninterfaces 79, 315–325 (2010)
Yu, D.G., Li, J.J., Williams, G.R., Zhao, M.: Electrospun amorphous solid dispersions of poorly watersoluble drugs: a review. J. Control. Release 292, 91–110 (2018)
Zhou, H.L., Shi, Z.R., Wan, X., Fang, H.L., Yu, D.-G., Chen, X.H., Liu, P.: The relationships between process parameters and polymeric nanofibers fabricated using a modified coaxial electrospinning. Nanomater. 9, 843 (2019)
Wang, M.L., Hai, T., Feng, Z.B., Yu, D.-G., Yang, Y.Y., Bligh, S.W.A.: The relationships between the working fluids, process characteristics and products from the modified coaxial electrospinning of zein. Polymers 11, 1287 (2019)
Lavalle, M., Bedia, J., Ruiz-Rosas, R., RodrĂguez-Mirasol, J., Cordero, T., Otero, J.C., Marquez, M., Barrero, A., Loscertales, I.G.: Filled and hollow carbon nanofibers by coaxial electrospinning of alcell lignin without binder polymers. Adv. Mater. 19, 4292–4296 (2007)
Yang, J., Wang, K., Yu, D.-G., Yang, Y.Y., Bligh, S.W.A., Williams, G.R.: Electrospun Janus nanofibers loaded with a drug and inorganic nanoparticles as an effective antibacterial wound dressing. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 111, 110805 (2020)
Yu, D.-G., Li, J.-J., Zhang, M., Williams, G.R.: High-quality Janus nanofibers prepared using three-fluid electrospinning. Chem. Commun. 53, 4542–4545 (2017)
Chen, G.Y., Xu, Y., Yu, D.-G., Zhang, D.F., Chatterton, N.P., White, K.N.: Structure-tunable Janus fibers fabricated using spinnerets with varying port angles. Chem. Commun. 51, 4623–4626 (2015)
Wang, M.L., Li, D., Li, J., Li, S.Y., Chen, Z., Yu, D.-G., Liu, Z.P., Guo, J.Z.: Electrospun Janus zein–PVP nanofibers provide a two-stage controlled release of poorly water-soluble drugs. Mater. Des. 196, 109075 (2020)
Jirsak, O., Sanetrnik, F., Lukas, D., Kotek, V., Martinova, L., Chaloupek, J.: Method of nanofibres production from a polymer solution using electrostatic spinning and a device for carrying out the method, patent US 7585437 (2004).
Yalcinkaya, F.: Preparation of various nanofiber layers using wire electrospinning system. Arabian J. Chem. 12, 5162–6172 (2019)
Döpke, C., Grothe, T., Steblinski, P., Klöcker, M., Sabantina, L., Kosmalska, D., Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, A.: Magnetic nanofiber mats for data storage and transfer. Nanomaterials 9, 92 (2019)
Grothe, T., Wehlage, D., Böhm, T., Remche, A., Ehrmann, A.: Needleless electrospinning of PAN nanofibre mats. Tekstilec 60, 290–295 (2017)
Zhu, G.C., Zhao, L.Y., Zhu, L.T., Deng, X.Y., Chen, W.L.: Effect of experimental parameters on nanofiber diameter from electrospinning with wire electrodes. IOP Conf. Series Mater Sci. Eng. 230, 012043 (2017)
Wang, X., Niu, H.T., Lin, T., Wang, X.G.: Needleless electrospinning of nanofibers with a conical wire coil. Polym. Eng. Sci. 49, 1582–1586 (2009)
Prahasti, G., Zulfi, A., Munir, M.M.: Needleless electrospinning system with wire spinneret: an alternative way to control morphology, size, and productivity of nanofibers. Nano Express 1, 010046 (2020)
Holopainen, J., Penttinen, T., Santala, E., Ritala, M.: Needleless electrospinning with twisted wire spinneret. Nanotechnology 26, 025301 (2015)
Niu, H.T., Lin, T.: Fiber generators in needleless electrospinning. J. Nanomater. 2012, 725950 (2012)
Yarin, A.L., Zussman, E.: Upward needleless electrospinning of multiple nanofibers. Polymer 45, 2977–2980 (2004)
Jiang, G.J., Qin, X.H.: An improved free surface electrospinning for high throughput manufacturing of core-shell nanofibers. Mater. Lett. 128, 259–262 (2014)
Jiang, G.J., Zhang, S., Wang, Y.T., Qin, X.H.: An improved free surface electrospinning with micro-bubble solution system for massive production of nanofibers. Mater. Lett. 144, 22–25 (2015)
Kostakova, E., Meszaros, L., Gregr, J.: Composite nanofibers produced by modified needleless electrospinning. Mater. Lett. 63, 2419–2422 (2009)
Fang, Y., Xu, L.: Four self-made free surface electrospinning devices for high-throughput preparation of high-quality nanofibers. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 10, 2261–2274 (2019)
Tang, S., Zeng, Y.C., Wang, X.H.: Splashing needleless electrospinning of nanofibers. Polym. Eng. Sci. 50, 2252–2257 (2010)
Li, D., Wang, Y., Xia, Y.: Electrospinning nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays and layer-by-layer stacked films. Adv. Mater. 16, 361–366 (2004)
Storck, J.L., Grothe, T., Mamun, A., Sabantina, L., Klöcker, M., Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, A.: Orientation of electrospun magnetic nanofibers near conductive areas. Materials 13, 47 (2020)
Ishii, Y., Sakai, H., Murata, H.: A new electrospinning method to control the number and a diameter of uniaxially aligned polymer fibers. Mater. Lett. 62, 3370–3372 (2008)
Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Xia, Y., Yang, H.: Magnetic-field-assisted electrospinning of aligned straight and wavy polymeric nanofibers. Adv. Mater. 22, 2454–2457 (2010)
Xu, S.S., Zhang, J., He, A.H., Li, J.X., Zhang, H., Han, C.C.: Electrospinning of native cellulose from nonvolatile solvent system. Polymer. 49, 2911–2917 (2008)
Wang, X., Zhang, K., Zhu, M., et al.: Continuous polymer nanofiber yarns prepared by self-bundling electrospinning method. Polymer 49, 2755–2761 (2008)
Smit, E., Buttner, U., Sanderson, R.D.: Continuous yarns from electrospun fibers. Polymer 46, 2419–2423 (2005)
Dalton, P.D., Klee, D., Möller, M.: Electrospinning with dual collection rings. Polymer 46, 611–614 (2005)
Pan, H., Li, L., Hu, L., Cui, X.: Continuous aligned polymer fibers produced by a modified electrospinning method. Polymer 47, 4901–4904 (2006)
Huang, Y., Bu, N., Duan, Y., Pan, Y., Liu, H., Yin, Z., Xiong, Y.: Electrohydrodynamic direct-writing. Nanoscale 5, 12007–12017 (2013)
He, X.X., Zheng, J., Yu, G.F., You, M.H., Yu, M., Ning, X., Long, Y.Z.: Near-field electrospinning: progress and applications. J. Phys. Chem C 121, 8663–8678 (2017)
Xin, Y., Reneker, D.H.: Hierarchical polystyrene patterns produced by electrospinning. Polymer 53, 4254–4261 (2012)
Zheng, G.F., Li, W.W., Wang, X., Wu, D., Sun, D.H., Lin, L.W.: Precision deposition of a nanofibre by near-field electrospinning. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 43, 415501 (2010)
Fuh, Y.K., Wang, B.S.: Near field sequentially electrospun three-dimensional piezoelectric fibers arrays for self-powered sensors of human gesture recognition. Nano Energy 30, 677–683 (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, A. (2023). Methods and Engineering of Electrospinning. In: Das, R. (eds) Electrospun Nanofibrous Technology for Clean Water Production. Nanostructure Science and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5483-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5483-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-5482-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-5483-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)