Abstract
The concept of walkability has captured the attention of urban planners in conjunction with efforts to make cities sustainable, pedestrian friendly and integrated with the public transportation system. It is understood that walkability is dependent on a host of factors. Proximity of public transport stops and key locations in the city, and efficient public transport system (comfortable and high frequency) are more likely to increase the use of public transport and therefore the opportunity for walking to take place.
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Notes
- 1.
Quoted in Lo (2009, pp. 145–146).
- 2.
Cavagna et al. (1977).
- 3.
Biewener and Patek (2003).
- 4.
Samra and Specker (2007).
- 5.
Chang et al. (2010).
- 6.
Hanson and Jones (2015).
- 7.
Olafsdottir et al. (2020).
- 8.
Walking speed is probably a good indicator of the pace of life. An interesting international study from the 1990s showed as the general pace of life sped up in cities, city dwellers were more likely to walk faster (see Levine, 1997).
- 9.
Florida (2002, p. 182).
- 10.
In November 2018, LTA announced the new Range-based Parking Provision Standards (RPPS) and the new parking Zone 4 for car-lite areas, which came into force in February 2019. The number of parking spaces in these areas has been significantly reduced to free up space for shared community spaces, pedestrian and cycling paths, parks, and greenery. Classified as “Zone 4” in the RPPS, the car-lite areas gazetted on 1 February 2019 were Kampong Bugis, Marina South, Jurong Lake District (JLD), Bayshore and Woodlands North. On 1 August 2020, additional five new car-lite areas were gazetted—Jurong Innovation District (JID), one-north, Punggol Digital District (PDD), Springleaf, and Woodlands Central. On 5 October 2022, five additional areas were gazetted, as car-lite. Among these, four include public housing estates—Ulu Pandan, Mount Pleasant, Tengah and Keppel Club site (which forms part of the Greater Southern Waterfront).
- 11.
Cappello and Buder (2020).
- 12.
Quoted in Krambeck and Shah (2006, p. 5).
- 13.
Quoted in Caldwell (2019).
- 14.
Asian Development Bank (2011).
- 15.
Centre for Liveable Cities and Urban Land Institute (2017).
- 16.
The Washing Post reported in January 2021 that Earth is losing 1.2 trillion tonnes of ice each year, citing a report by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). See Mooney and Freedman (2021, January 25). Nouriel Roubini (2022, p. 221) noted that China has the largest population residing in coastal areas with sea rise likely to affect 130 million of its citizens. Fifty-five million people in India could see their homes submerged followed by 41 million in Bangladesh who lives near the coast.
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Liow Li Sa, M., Choon-Yin, S. (2023). Walking Traditions Around the World. In: Sustainable Urban Development in Singapore. Sustainable Development Goals Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5451-3_1
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