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The Other Side of the Myth

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Decolonization of Kazakhstan

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Abstract

Travelers of the nineteenth century very superficially assessed things they observed in the Steppe. This is quite understandable, as in order to know people’s life, one should live with them, in their environment for a long time.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan

    Ainash Mustoyapova

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Correspondence to Ainash Mustoyapova .

Glossary

Aksakal (lit. aksakal—white-bearded)

the elder of the clan, family, honorary, respected person.

Asharshylyk (lit. famine)

an artificially created famine of 1921–1923 under the conditions of war communism and a famine of 1931–1933, which occurred as a result of the expropriation of livestock, collectivization, the forcible sedentarization of Kazakhs, and the suppression of armed resistance to the policy of Soviet power.

Aul

is a traditional rural-type settlement, a community of close relatives, a camp among the Turkic peoples.

Bai

is a wealthy, socially responsible person who headed a clan or subgenus.

Barymta (“belonging to me”; “what is mine”)

is one of the most universal institutions and important links in the entire system of Kazakh customary law.

Barymtach

a person appointed to carry out barymta, i.e. collection of fines imposed by the court.

Biy (lit. to know, to rule)

is an authoritative person, a judge, an expert on Kazakh society, its structure, the system of customary law, traditions, and the history of the people.

The Bolsheviks

the radical wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party, carried out a coup in October 1917.

Borik

is a traditional Kazakh headdress with a soft crown and fur trim.

Chalganchi

is a guide, scout of traces, an expert in the steppe.

Clockwork horses

spare horses; nomads, going on a long journey, always had 2–3 spare horses, which were changed as needed, giving rest to the horse that was tired on a long journey.

Discharge Cossacks

peasants of Siberian villages, temporarily mobilized to the border line to carry out guard duty, build fortresses, cultivate state arable land, transport

Dneproges

Dnepro Hydroelectric power station.

Dispossession

the policy of ousting capitalist elements in agriculture, the elimination of the kulaks as a class (1925–1932).

Expropriation

compulsory alienation, seizure of property.

Feeding

the unwritten right to collect taxes from the local population and feed on them.

Felt

a dense material made of felted wool, which has low thermal conductivity, allows air to pass through, and is used to cover yurts.

Foreman (Desyatsky)

in tsarist Russia, an elected person in the village, who performed the duties of a policeman.

Irimshik

a sweet fermented milk product, in consistency between cheese and cottage cheese.

Jute

is a mass death of livestock due to the inability to get pasture during pasture icing or heavy snowfall.

Kalym

is a material property, most often in the form of cattle, which is presented by the groom’s side to the father, the family of the betrothed bride. Most often, kalym formed the basis or compensated for part of the dowry that the bride received (yurt, utensils, livestock, jewelry, clothes).

Kenesary-khan (1802–1847)

a direct descendant of Shyngyskhan, the last Kazakh khan, commander, and leader of the national liberation movement (1837–1847) against Russian colonization.

Khan

the title of the monarch, ruler, and sovereign person among the Turkic peoples.

Kiiz-baypak

felt stockings worn under high boots; were made of thin, soft felt and sewn together from a single piece with one seam.

Koshma

a felt carpet made of sheep or camel wool.

Kun

a fine, compensation for the injury or murder of a person. For the murder of a person, the death penalty was supposed, but under certain conditions, the payment of a fine was also practiced, after which the victims refused to take revenge.

Kulak (russain)

wealthy peasants using hired labor.

Kurt

is a high in calories salty sour-milk product with a long shelf life, made from curdled, pressed, and heat-cured milk.

Kymys

is a long-term storage fermented milk drink made from mare's milk that is healthy.

Kyrgyz

Kirghiz, Kyrgyz-Kaisaks, Horde, and foreigners are ethnonyms that were used to call the Kazakhs in the Russian Empire instead of using their real name.

Mosprodtorg

Moscow food trade.

NEPman

is a private entrepreneur, merchant of the era of the New Economic Policy (1921–1929).

NKVD

People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Orgnabor

organizational recruitment is a method of state management of labor resources and their movement (concentration, relocation); attracting mainly workers to industrial enterprises.

O-two-horse

with two horses.

Posad people

an estate in feudal Rus’, the trade and craft population of cities and urban-type settlements (posad, settlement).

Prodrazverstka (food requisitioning)

the policy of forcibly withdrawing from the peasants the surplus of their products in favor of the army; was held from 1916 to 1921.

Raspberry (slang)

is a thieves’ den, a gathering of thieves.

Saptama-etik

leather high boots with felt lining, covering the knees.

Saukele

a cone-shaped headdress of a bride.

Stanitsa’s Cossacks

Cossacks permanently residing in a village (administrative rural unit, Cossack village, farm) and carrying guard, escort, police service no further than 150 miles (1 verst—1.06 kilometers) from the location of their village. The retired lower ranks of the garrison battalions and their families were transferred to the stanitsa Cossacks in Siberia.

Steppe Territory

in 1882–1917, the unofficial name of the north-eastern part of Kazakhstan with the administrative center in Omsk, including Akmola, Semipalatinsk, and until 1898 Semirechensk regions.

Tekemet

is an ornamented felt carpet made by pressing wet wool of different colors.

The Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)

is a special body for combating counter-revolution and sabotage, endowed with special powers to combat class enemies.

The Cossacks (from the Turkic “Cossack”—a free man)

the military class in Tsarist Russia, who served on the outskirts of the Russian Empire.

The district order

a government office, on behalf of which all orders of state power should be issued, judicial functions should be carried out, etc. Through the district orders, the power functions of representatives of the local elite were gradually selected.

The Eliseyskoye Affair

is a major corruption case involving the Moscow grocery store Eliseyskiy.

The headman

is the elected head of the rural community.

The Irtysh line

is part of the Russian fortified border fortresses, built in the eighteenth century on the border with the Steppe. The total length was 290 km.

Togyz (lit. nine)

a fine paid in the form of nine heads of cattle. There was a “ladder” of fines: payment twice for a nine, three times for a nine, etc.; size depending on the type of livestock: camels, horses, bulls, etc.

Tymak

is a winter fur headdress with elements that tightly cover the ears and neck.

Yurt

a portable frame dwelling with felt covering among nomads.

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Mustoyapova, A. (2023). The Other Side of the Myth. In: Decolonization of Kazakhstan. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5207-6_4

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