Preface

Abstract

The process of decolonization began when the world colonial system fall in the middle of the twentieth century. This process in countries that emerged from colonial dependence took place in different ways, with different intensity, on different scales, and this had a direct impact on the further development of a certain country. Thus, for example, a number of African countries did not go through the process of decolonization, and they became victims of either neo-colonization, or their own corrupt regimes, or national conflicts.

Glossary

Kantar (lit. January)

peaceful rallies in a number of cities of Kazakhstan demanding a change in kleptocratic power, social policy, etc., ending with the execution of peaceful protesters and bystanders, cars on the streets of cities, followed by torture of eight thousand people and trials of participants in the rallies.

Nevada-Semipalatinsk

is an anti-nuclear movement that arose in February 1989, whose task was to stop nuclear tests and close the test sites on Kazakh soil. The appeal of the movement was supported and signed by 2 million citizens of Kazakhstan.

Zhanaozen (lit. new river)

the name of the city in the western region of Kazakhstan, where mass strikes of oil workers took place during 2011, culminating in provocation on Independence Day and the shooting of workers, subsequent torture, murder and trials of strike participants.

Zheltoksan (lit. December)

is a public association of participants in the December events of 1986, when student youth and university teachers took to the central square of Alma-Ata to protest against the appointment of a protege of the Kremlin as the head of the Kazakh Republic, discrimination against Kazakhs, the Kazakh language and culture. The rally was crushed by the army, students were beaten with sapper shovels, taken out of the city and thrown into the winter steppe, then courts followed, and expulsions from universities.