Skip to main content

Microstructure Characterisation and Analysis of AA2024/SiC/Carbonised Eggshell-Reinforced Hybrid Green Aluminium Matrix Composite

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Engineering Materials (FLAME 2022)

Abstract

The driving force behind this work is to investigate the microstructure of hybrid green aluminium matrix composite (AMMCs) made of AA2024/SiC/carbonised eggshell by using the stir casting method. The stir casting procedure is utilised in this study to allow (SiC and carbonised ES) hybrid reinforcement particles to mix equally in AA2024 matrix. The composition of reinforcements in this study varies from 3 to 12 wt% of SiC and ES particles together in a step of 3, i.e. (3, 6, 9, 12) as per earlier researchers. The microstructure characterisation of AA2024/carbonised eggshell/SiC composite was carried by SEM and XRD technique. The results revealed the strong bonding and uniform distribution between particles and matrix at 3% and 6%, respectively, and agglomeration and clustering of particles is being observed with increase in wt% of reinforcement beyond 6%. The term “Green” is being added to signify waste reduction from the environment by using ES as a waste reinforcement and to make our environment sustainable and eco-friendly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hashim J, Looney L, Hashmi MSJ (1999) Metal matrix composites: production by the stir casting method. J Mater Process Technol 92:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00118-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Kala H, Mer KKS, Kumar S (2014) A review on mechanical and tribological behaviors of stir cast aluminum matrix composites. Procedia Mater Sci 6:1951–1960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Anilkumar HC, Hebbar HS, Ravishankar KS (2011) Mechanical properties of fly ash reinforced aluminium alloy (Al6061) composites. Int J Mech Mater Eng 6:41–45

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ramanathan A, Krishnan PK, Muraliraja R (2019) A review on the production of metal matrix composites throughstir casting–furnace design, properties, challenges, and research opportunities. J Manuf Processes 42:213–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.04.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bandil K, Vashisth H, Kumar S, Verma L, Jamwal A, Kumar D, Singh N, Sadasivuni KK, Gupta P (2019) Microstructural, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of Al–Si alloy reinforced with SiC metal matrix composite. J Compos Mater 53:4215–4223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319856679

  6. Rao JB, Rao DV, Murthy IN, Bhargava NR (2012) Mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of fly ash particles reinforced AA 2024 composites. J Compos Mater 46:1393–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998311419876

  7. Toro P, Quijada R, Yazdani-Pedram M, Arias JL (2007) Eggshell, a new bio-filler for polypropylene composites. Mater Lett 61:4347–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.01.102

  8. Rath MK, Choi BH, Ji MJ, Lee KT (2014) Eggshell-membrane-templated synthesis of hierarchically-ordered NiO–Ce0.8Gd0. 2O1. 9 composite powders and their electrochemical performances as SOFC anodes. Ceram Int 40:3295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.09.105

  9. Bootklad M, Kaewtatip K (2013) Biodegradation of thermoplastic starch/eggshell powder composites. Carbohydr Polym 97:315–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Severa L, Němeček J, Nedomová Š, Buchar J (2010) Determination of micromechanical properties of a hen’s eggshell by means of nano indentation. J Food Eng 101:14651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.06.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hassan TA, Rangari VK, Rana RK, Jeelani S (2013) Sonochemical effect on size reduction of CaCO3 nanoparticles derived from waste eggshells. Ultrason Sonochem 20:1308–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.01.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Chaithanyasai A, Vakchore PR, Umasankar V (2014) The micro structural and mechanical property study of effects of EGGSHELL particles on the Aluminum 6061. Procedia Eng 97:961–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mosaddegh E, Hassankhani A, Pourahmadi S, Ghazanfari D (2013) Ball mill–assisted preparation of nano-CaCO3 as a novel and green catalyst-based eggshell waste: a green approach in the synthesis of pyrano [4, 3-B] pyrans. Int J Green Nanotechnol 1:1943089213507160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1943089213507160

  14. Ghabeer T, Dweiri R, Al Khateeb S (2013) Thermal and mechanical characterization of polypropylene/eggshell biocomposites. J Reinf Plast Compos 32:402–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/731684412470015

  15. Yew MC, Sulong NR, Yew MK, Amalina MA, Johan MR (2013) The formulation and study of the thermal stability and mechanical properties of an acrylic coating using chicken eggshell as a novel bio-filler. Prog Org Coat 76:1549–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.06.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hassan SB, Aigbodion VS (2015) Effects of eggshell on the microstructures and properties of Al–Cu–Mg/eggshell particulate composites. J KingSaudUniv Eng Sci 27:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Salleh MR, Kamely A, Tajul A (2011) Characterizing chicken eggshell reinforced polypropylene (PP). Adv Mater Res 264:871–879 (TransTechPublicationsLtd.) https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.264-265.871

  18. Lunge S, Thakre D, Kamble S, Labhsetwar N, Rayalu S (2012) Alumina supported carbon composite material with exceptionally high defluoridation propertyfrom eggshell waste. J Hazard Mater 237:161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Chandel R, Sharma N, Bansal SA (2021) A review on recent developments of aluminum-based hybrid composites for automotive applications. Emergent Mater 4(5):1243–1257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Singh G, Chan SLI, Sharma N (2018) Parametric study on the dry sliding wear behaviour of AA6082–T6/TiB2 in situ composites using response surface methodology. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 40(6):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sharma N, Khanna R, Singh G, Kumar V (2017) Fabrication of 6061 aluminum alloy reinforced with Si3N4/n-Gr and its wear performance optimization using integrated RSM-GA. Part Sci Technol 35(6):731–741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Singh G, Goyal S, Miranda G, Sharma N (2018) Parametric study of the dry sliding wear behaviour of AA6082-T6/SiC and AA6082-T6/B4C composites using RSM. J Mech Sci Technol 32(2):579–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sharma P, Paliwal K, Dabra V, Sharma S, Sharma N, Singh G (2018) Influence of Silicon Carbide/Graphite addition on properties of AA6082 reinforced composites. Aust J Mech Eng

    Google Scholar 

  24. Singh G, Sharma N, Goyal S, Sharma RC (2021) Comparative measurements of physical and mechanical properties of AA6082 based composites reinforced with B4C and SiC particulates produced via stir casting. Met Mater Int 27(11):4333–4345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Sharma P, Dabra V, Sharma S, Khanduja D, Sharma N, Sharma R, Saini K (2019) Microstructure and properties of AA6082/(SiC+ graphite) hybrid composites. Refract Ind Ceram 59(5):471–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Singh G, Sharma N (2021) Study on the influence of T4 and T6 heat treatment on the wear behavior of coarse and fine WC particulate reinforced LM28 Aluminium cast composites. Compos Part C Open Access 4:100106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sharma P, Sharma N, Singh G, Dabra V (2020) Abrasive wear study of AA7075/ZrB2 reinforced composites. Refract Ind Ceram 60(5):506–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Dwivedi SP, Maurya M, Saxena A, Sharma S (2022) Synthesis and characterization of spent alumina catalyst and grinding sludge reinforced aluminium-based composite material. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci 236(10):5523–5534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Chintada S, Dora SP, Kare D (2022) Mechanical behavior and metallographic characterization of microwave sintered Al/SiC composite materials—an experimental approach. Silicon 14(12):7341–7352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Brodova IG, Petrova AN, Shirinkina IG, Rasposienko DY, Yolshina LA, Muradymov RV, Shorokhov EV et al (2021) Mechanical properties of submicrocrystalline aluminium matrix composites reinforced by “in situ” graphene through severe plastic deformation processes. J Alloy Compd 859:158387

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bhuvaneswari V, Rajeshkumar L, Ross KNS (2021) Influence of bioceramic reinforcement on tribological behaviour of aluminium alloy metal matrix composites: experimental study and analysis. J Mater Res Technol 15:2802–2819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Khanna V, Kumar V, Bansal SA (2021) Mechanical properties of aluminium-graphene/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) metal matrix composites: advancement, opportunities and perspective. Mater Res Bull 138:111224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Ao M, Liu H, Dong C, Feng S, Liu J (2021) Degradation mechanism of 6063 aluminium matrix composite reinforced with TiC and Al2O3 particles. J Alloy Compd 859:157838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Dwivedi SP, Sharma S, Mishra RK (2016) Synthesis and mechanical behaviour of green metal matrix composites using waste eggshells as reinforcement material. Green Process Synth 5:275–282. https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2016-0006

  35. Tham LM, Gupta M, Cheng L (2001) Effect of limited matrix–reinforcement interfacial reaction on enhancing the mechanical properties of aluminium–silicon carbide composites. Acta Mater 49:3243–3253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00221-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Dwivedi SP, Sharma S, Mishra RK (2016) Characterization of waste eggshells and CaCO3 reinforced AA2014 greenmetal matrix composites: a green approach in the synthesis of composites. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 17:1383–1393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-016-0164-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Dwivedi SP, Sharma S, Mishra RK (2017) A comparative study of waste eggshells, CaCO3, and SiC-reinforced AA2014 green metal matrix composites. J Compos Mater 51:2407–2421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316672295

Download references

Acknowledgements

“Authors are thankful to IUAC for extending FE-SEM facility funded by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) under Geochronology project [MoES/P.O.(Seismic)8(09)-Geochron/2012]”.

Funding

“This research received no external funding”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yatan Nagpal .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Nagpal, Y., Sharma, R., Sharma, N., Tyagi, R.K. (2024). Microstructure Characterisation and Analysis of AA2024/SiC/Carbonised Eggshell-Reinforced Hybrid Green Aluminium Matrix Composite. In: Tyagi, R.K., Gupta, P., Das, P., Prakash, R. (eds) Advances in Engineering Materials. FLAME 2022. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4758-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4758-4_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-99-4757-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-99-4758-4

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics