Abstract
The origin and evolution of Three-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM3) are introduced. Two PAM3 variant encoding schemes (3-bit-to-2-trit (3B2T) and 11-bit-to-7-trit (11B7T)) are described, along with the trit test sequence for PAM3. The high-speed transmission performance of PAM3 is investigated under the influences of five major channel impairments, with NRZ and PAM4 as comparisons. The work reveals that PAM3 has a certain performance advantage over NRZ and PAM4 in terms of reflection coefficient, insertion loss, and mode conversion, while being relatively more sensitive to crosstalk and noise.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Decibel.
- 2.
The eye diagrams obtained with Ch1 are omitted due to space limitation.
- 3.
Due to space limitation, the eye diagrams are omitted.
- 4.
\(S_{dd31}\).
- 5.
\(S_{dd41}\).
References
Analog Devices (2013) Managing noise in the signal chain, Part 1: annoying semiconductor noise, preventable or inescapable? https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/managing-noise-in-the-signal-chain.html/. Accessed 17 September 2022
Broadcom Corporation (2014) BroadR-Reach? Physical layer transceiver specification for automotive applications, V3.0, May 2014
Chen SS, Xu Z (2021) The sensitivity of ENRZ to Skew—in comparison to NRZ, PAM3, and PAM4. In: 2021 IEEE 25th workshop on signal and power integrity (SPI), pp 1–4
Chen SS, Xu Z, Holden B, Tajalli A (2021) The sensitivity of ENRZ to crosstalk—in comparison to NRZ, PAM3, and PAM4. In: IEEE international joint EMC/SI/PI and EMC Europe symposium, pp 1116–1121
David B (2015) The mysterious disappearance of duo-binary signaling. https://www.edn.com/the-mysterious-disappearance-of-duo-binary-signaling/. Accessed 17 September 2022
Holden B (2013) An exploration of the technical feasibility of the major technology options for 400GE backplanes. http://www.ieee802.org/3/400GSG/public/13_07/holden_400_01_0713.pdf
https://www.electronics-notes.com (2023) Understanding reflection coefficient. https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/antennas-propagation/vswr-return-loss/reflection-coefficient.php. Accessed 7 January 2023
https://www.everythingrf.com (2023) Return loss to reflection coefficient calculator—everything RF. https://www.everythingrf.com/rf-calculators/return-loss-to-reflection-coefficient-calculator. Accessed 7 January 2023
http://www.techpowerup.com (2022) Samsung reveals GDDR7 memory uses PAM3 signalling to achieve 36 Gbps data-rate. https://www.techpowerup.com/301767/samsung-reveals-gddr7-memory-uses-pam3-signalling-to-achieve-36-gbps-data-rate. Accessed 11 December 2022
https://www.videocardz.com (2022) SAMSUNG confirms GDDR7 uses PAM3 signaling. https://videocardz.com/newz/samsung-gddr7-memory-to-offer-36-gbps-bandwidth-uses-pam3-signaling. Accessed 11 December 2022
IEEE P802.3df 200 Gb/s, 400 Gb/s, 800 Gb/s, and 1.6 Tb/s Ethernet Task Force (2022) Tools and channel data area. https://www.ieee802.org/3/df/public/tools/index.html. Accessed 7 October 2022
IEEE 802.3 ck Work Group (2020) IEEE 802.3 ck COM script. http://www.ieee802.org/3/ck/public/tools/. Accessed 11 October 2022
IEEE Computer Society (2016a) IEEE standard for ethernet amendment 1: physical layer specifications and management parameters for 100 Mb/s operation over a single balanced twisted pair cable (100BASE-T1). IEEE Standard for Ethernet, March 2016
IEEE Computer Society (2016b) IEEE standard for ethernet amendment 4: physical layer specifications and management parameters for 100 Mb/s operation over a single balanced twisted pair cable (1000BASE-T1). IEEE Standard for Ethernet, September 2016
IEEE Computer Society (2018) IEEE Standard for Ethernet 802.3-2018, December 2018
Law KL, Masouros C (2018) Symbol error rate minimization precoding for interference exploitation. IEEE Trans Commun 66(11):5718–5731
Lender A (1963) The duobinary technique for high-speed data transmission. IEEE Trans Commun Electron 82(2):214–218
Liu Z, Marvel Corp. (2014) Line code and FEC performance. In: IEEE 802.3bp RTPGE, July 2014 Plenary Meeting
OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum) (2022) Common electrical I/O (CEI)-electrical and jitter interoperability agreements for 6G+ bps , 11G+ bps, 25G+, 56G+ bps and 112G+ bps I/O (OIF-CEI-05.0), pp 1–300
Thain A, Le Sergent F, Marot C, Pasquier B (2016) Suitability of 2-wire ethernet solutions for aerospace applications. In: Proceedings of 2016 ESA workshop on aerospace EMC, Aerospace EMC 2016, no 1, pp 4–7
USB-IF (2022) Universal serial bus 4 (USB4) Retimer Specification, Version 2.0, Revision 1.0, October 2022
Wikipedia (2022) T-carrier. https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier. Accessed 7 January 2022
Yang N, Yeoh PL, Elkashlan M, Yuan J, Collings IB (2012) Cascaded TAS/MRC in MIMO multiuser relay networks. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 11(10):3829–3839
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chen, S.S., de Paulis, F., Stauffer, D.R., Holden, B. (2024). PAM3: History, Algorithm, and Performance Comparison to NRZ and PAM4. In: Agrawal, Y., Mummaneni, K., Sathyakam, P.U. (eds) Interconnect Technologies for Integrated Circuits and Flexible Electronics. Springer Tracts in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4476-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4476-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-4475-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-4476-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)