Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

International Arbitration

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cybersecurity and Data Laws of the Commonwealth

  • 203 Accesses

Abstract

The digital economy is transforming the people are working and living. As it continues to evolve, it will have a profound impact to commercial and investor-state decisions by both government and the private sector. Therefore, and no different to any other commercial or investment transaction(s), disputes can arise. One of the most widely accepted dispute resolution tools available today is international arbitration. This chapter will discuss international arbitration, and the role of data and cybersecurity. More importantly as artificial intelligence, quantum technology and critical technologies become more sophisticated, data captured by these technologies could be increasingly exposed to cybersecurity intrusions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The Commonwealth, A Study of International Commercial Arbitration in the Commonwealth, 2020, https://production-new-commonwealth-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/migrated/key_reform_pdfs/A%2BStudy%2Bof%2BInternational%2BCommercial%2BArbitration_PDF_-compressed.pdf.

  2. 2.

    Robert Ginsburg, Investor-State Dispute Settlement in the Digital Economy: The Case for Structured Proportionality, 39 North West Journal International Law and Business, 171 (2019), p. 173.

  3. 3.

    Ibid, p. 174.

  4. 4.

    International Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and nationals of Other States, https://icsid.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ICSID%20Convention%20English.pdf.

  5. 5.

    The Commonwealth, A Study of International Commercial Arbitration in the Commonwealth, 2020, https://production-new-commonwealth-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/migrated/key_reform_pdfs/A%2BStudy%2Bof%2BInternational%2BCommercial%2BArbitration_PDF_-compressed.pdf.

  6. 6.

    Ibid, p. ix.

  7. 7.

    Ibid, p. ix.

  8. 8.

    Ibid, p. 10.

  9. 9.

    Ibid, p. 12.

  10. 10.

    Ibid.

  11. 11.

    Ibid.

  12. 12.

    Ibid, p. 95.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    Ibid, p. 48.

  15. 15.

    UNCITRAL’s Dispute Resolution in the Digital Economy Initiative, https://uncitral.un.org/en/parisarbitrationweekdrde#:~:text=The%20UNCITRAL%20project%20on%20the,information%20with%20a%20view%20

    .

  16. 16.

    United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, Legal issues related to the digital economy—dispute resolution in the digital economy, Fifty-fourth session, Vienna, 28 June–16 July 2021, A/CN.9/1064/Add.4.

  17. 17.

    Ibid, p. 4.

  18. 18.

    Allison Goh, Digital Readiness Index for Arbitration Institutions: Challenges and Implications for Dispute Resolution Under the Belt and Road Initiative, Journal of International Arbitration, Vol 38, Iss 2 (2021), pp. 253–255.

  19. 19.

    Jacques de Werra, Using Arbitration and ADR for Disputes about Personal Dara and Non-Personal Data: What Lessons from recent developments in Europe? The American Review of International Arbitration Vol 30: (2019), p. 195.

  20. 20.

    Ibid, p. 196.

  21. 21.

    Ibid, p. 198.

  22. 22.

    Australian Securities and Investments Commission v RI Advice Group Pty Ltd [2022] FCA 496.

  23. 23.

    Ibid, para 2.

  24. 24.

    Jeff Kosseff, Defining Cybersecurity Law 103 Iowa Law Review 985 (2018) p. 1010.

  25. 25.

    Jim Pastore, Practical Approaches to Cybersecurity in Arbitration, Fordham International Law Journal (2017) p. 1023.

  26. 26.

    Nassar Ali Khasawneh, Maria Mazzawi, Ricardo Christie, Arbitration and the Advent of New Technologies, Global Arbitration Review, (2022), https://globalarbitrationreview.com/guide/the-guide-telecoms-arbitrations/first-edition/article/arbitration-and-the-advent-of-new-technologies

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    Arbitration Law, https://africaarbitration.org/resources/law/Botswana%20Arbitration%20Law.pdf.

  31. 31.

    The Arbitration Act 2001, https://www.newyorkconvention.org/webcore/search?search=Bangladesh.

  32. 32.

    Arbitration Act 1975, https://www.newyorkconvention.org/webcore/search?search=Antigua+and+Barbuda.

  33. 33.

    Uniform Act on Arbitration 1999, https://www.newyorkconvention.org/national+arbitration+law+-+cameroon.

  34. 34.

    Arbitration Order 2009 - Chapter 173 Arbitration, https://www.newyorkconvention.org/national+arbitration+law+-+brunei+darussalam and International Arbitration Order 2009, https://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LAWS/BLUV/INTERNATIONAL%20ARBITRATION%20ORDER,%202009.pdf.

  35. 35.

    Arbitration Act 2009, https://www.newyorkconvention.org/webcore/search?search=Bahamas.

  36. 36.

    Uniform Arbitration Act 1999, https://www.newyorkconvention.org/national+arbitration+law+-+cameroon.

  37. 37.

    Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1978/1/AAA1996__26.pdf.

  38. 38.

    Arbitration (Foreign Arbitral Awards) - Arbitration 1958-23 http://barbadosparliament-laws.com/en/ShowPdf/110A.pdf and http://barbadosparliament-laws.com/en/ShowPdf/110.pdf.

  39. 39.

    Alternative Dispute Resolution Act 2006, https://delosdr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Gambia-The-Alternative-Dispute-Resolution-2005.pdf

  40. 40.

    Arbitration Act 2005, http://www.arbiter.com.sg/pdf/laws/Malaysia%20Arbitration%20Act%202005%20(Revised%202011).pdf.

  41. 41.

    Arbitration Act 2000, https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Belize-Arbitration-Law.pdf.

  42. 42.

    Alternative Dispute Resolution Act 2010, https://lawsghana.com/post-1992-legislation/table-of-content/Acts%20of%20Parliament/ALTERNATIVE%20DISPUTE%20RESOLUTION%20ACT,%202010%20(ACT%20798)/28.

  43. 43.

    Arbitration Act 2013, https://miac.gov.mv/media/documents/Arbitration%20Act.pdf.

  44. 44.

    Commercial Arbitration Act 1985, https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-34.6/fulltext.html.

  45. 45.

    Arbitration Act 2010, https://ncia.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ArbitrationAct4of1995_2.pdf.

  46. 46.

    Arbitration Act 1940, https://www.ma-law.org.pk/pdflaw/Arbitration%20Act,%201940.pdf.

  47. 47.

    Arbitration Act 1988, https://www.newyorkconvention.org/national+arbitration+law+-+dominica.

  48. 48.

    Arbitration Act 1904, https://osall.org.za/docs/2011/03/Swaziland-Arbitration-Act-24-of-1904.pdf and https://www.eswatinilii.org/na/judgment/high-court-eswatini/2020/33 Recent high court Case referred to the 1904 Act.

    Kingdom of eSwatini, one of the few jurisdictions who still do not apply the New York Convention.

  49. 49.

    Arbitration Act 2001, https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/AA2001.

  50. 50.

    Arbitration Act 1989, https://laws.gov.gd/index.php?option=com_edocman&view=category&id=613&Itemid=181.

  51. 51.

    Arbitration Act 1980, https://osall.org.za/docs/2011/03/Lesotho-Arbitration-Act-12-of-1980.pdf.

  52. 52.

    Arbitration Act 1995, https://www.slnarbcentre.com/pdf/ARBITRATION-ACT.pdf

  53. 53.

    Arbitration Act 1916, https://mola.gov.gy/sites/default/files/Cap%20703%20Arbitration%20Act.pdf.

  54. 54.

    Arbitration Act 1967, https://malawilii.org/akn/mw/act/1967/26/eng%402014-12-31.

  55. 55.

    International Arbitration Act 1974, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00439.

  56. 56.

    Arbitration Act 2017, https://japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/article/339/The%20Arbitration%20Act,%202017.pdf.

  57. 57.

    International Arbitration Act 2008, https://miac.mu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/mauritian-international-arbitration-legislation-handbook-updated-2016-1.pdf.

  58. 58.

    Arbitration Act 1965, https://www.laws.gov.fj/Acts/DisplayAct/2459 and International Arbitration Act 2017 https://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/d9502667-6491-4592-85b2-eff97f245fed/Act-44---International-Arbitration-Act.aspx.

  59. 59.

    Arbitration Act 2001, http://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/Santa_Lucia_Arbitration_Act.pdf.

  60. 60.

    Law on Arbitration, Conciliation and Mediation Law no. 11/99, https://www.cacm.org.mz/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Arbitration-Law-11-99.pdf

  61. 61.

    Arbitration Act 1990, http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/num_act/aa1990137/

  62. 62.

    Arbitration Act 2002, www.oas.org › sla › ddi › docs › Saint_Kitt…

  63. 63.

    Arbitration act 1956, https://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Arbitration%20Act%2042%20of%201965.pdf.

  64. 64.

    Limitation Act 2017, http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/acts/665725b31f7ba398592d130b557ecb2d.pdf.

  65. 65.

    Arbitration Act 1971, Laws of Saint Vincent and The Grenadines - New York Convention.

  66. 66.

    Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1990, http://www.commonlii.org/ng/legis/num_act/aac244/ The Act was reformed in 2022.

  67. 67.

    Arbitration act 1996, https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0099/latest/DLM403277.html.

  68. 68.

    Arbitration Act 1939, https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/5.01.pdf.

  69. 69.

    N° 005/2008 of 14/02/2008 Law on arbitration and conciliation in commercial matters, https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Rwanda-Arbitration-Law.pdf

  70. 70.

    Arbitration Act 1951, http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/aa1951137.pdf Also see, https://www.allens.com.au/insights-news/insights/2020/02/png-proposes-a-new-regime-for-arbitration/

  71. 71.

    Commercial Code Act 1977, https://www.acerislaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Seychelles-Arbitration-Law.pdf.

  72. 72.

    Arbitration Act 1976, https://www.regulator.gov.ws/images/2017_CONSOLIDATION_LAWS/A/Arbitration-Act-1976.pdf.

  73. 73.

    Arbitration Act 2022, https://www.parliament.gov.sl/uploads/acts/THE%20ARBITRATION%20ACT,%202022.pdf.

  74. 74.

    Arbitration Act 1996,

  75. 75.

    Arbitration Act 1965, https://www.gov.za/documents/arbitration-act-14-apr-1965-0000.

  76. 76.

    International Arbitration Act 2020, https://ago.gov.to/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2020/2020-0112/InternationalArbitrationAct2020_1.pdf.

  77. 77.

    Unifor Arbitration Act, https://www.acerislaw.com/ohada-arbitration-act/

  78. 78.

    Arbitration and Conciliation Act 2000, https://arbitrationlaw.com/sites/default/files/free_pdfs/Uganda%20Arbitration%20and%20Conciliation%20Act.pdf.

  79. 79.

    Arbitration Act 2020, https://www.osg.go.tz/uploads/publications/sw1599657355-Act%20No.%202%20of%202020%20THE%20ARBITRATION%20ACT,%202020%20Final%20chapa.pdf.

  80. 80.

    Arbitration Act, https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/Arbitration%20Act.pdf.

  81. 81.

    Arbitration Law 1944, http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/arith/1944_1_001.pdf and https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-international-arbitration-review/cyprus.

  82. 82.

    Arbitration Act 1998, https://legislation.mt/eli/cap/387/eng/pdf.

  83. 83.

    Arbitration Act 1996, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/23/contents.

  84. 84.

    Alan Redfern, Marcus Hunter, International Arbitration, Oxford University Press 6th Edt, (2015), p. 5.

  85. 85.

    Francis Boorman, Developments in the history of Arbitration: A past for the present?, Amicus Curiae, Vol 4, No 1, (2022) p. 111.

  86. 86.

    Alan Redfern, Marcus Hunter, International Arbitration, Oxford University Press 6th Ed.,, (2015), para, 1.93, at https://law.fudan.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/77/16/8ff0afe240e99a627fc2b2dfcac5/b4b6dd2d-19a1-4fc2-8690-3857d32b5cd7.pdf.

  87. 87.

    Alan Redfern, Marcus Hunter, International Arbitration, Oxford University Press 6th Ed., (2015), p. 6, The Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses of 1923 was drawn up on the initiative of the ICC and under the auspices of the League of Nations, and signed at Geneva on 24 September 1923.

  88. 88.

    This Convention for the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards followed on from the Geneva Protocol and was signed at Geneva on 26 September 1927: League of Nations Treaty Series (1929–30), Vol. XCII, p. 302.

  89. 89.

    Ibid, p. 6, The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, signed in New York on 10 June 1958: United Nations Treaty Series (1959), Vol. 330, p. 38, No. 4739. The text of the Convention is set out in Appendix B.

  90. 90.

    Ibid, The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, signed in New York on 10 June 1958: United Nations Treaty Series (1959), Vol. 330, p. 38, No. 4739.

  91. 91.

    Ibid, The ICSID Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, signed in Washington DC on 18 March 1965: United Nations Treaty Series (1966), Vol. 575, p. 160, No. 8359.

  92. 92.

    Ibid, Adopted by Resolution 31/98 of the General Assembly of the United Nations on 15 December 1976, these Rules are set out in Appendix D. At its Thirty-ninth Session (New York, 17–28 June 2002), UNCITRAL agreed that revision of the UNCITRAL Rules should be given priority, and that such revision ‘should not alter the structure of the text, its spirit, its drafting style, and should respect the flexibility of the text rather than add to its complexity’: see UNCITRAL, Report of Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation) on the Work of its Forty-ninth Session, Vienna, 15–19 September 2008, Doc. No. A/CN.9/665, para. 3.

  93. 93.

    Ibid, The Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 21 June 1985.

  94. 94.

    The Commonwealth, A Study of International Commercial Arbitration in the Commonwealth, 2020, see pages 151 to 632.

  95. 95.

    Uniform Arbitration Act, https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/ohada-arbitration-act/ Applicable for arbitrations with their seat in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of Congo (ex-Zaire), the Ivory Coast, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Mali, Niger, the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), Senegal, Chad and Togo.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Robert Walters

Authors
  1. Robert Walters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Walters .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Walters, R. (2023). International Arbitration. In: Cybersecurity and Data Laws of the Commonwealth. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3935-0_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3935-0_22

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-99-3934-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-99-3935-0

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation