Abstract
The chapter presents the diplomatic attempts carried out by the Catholic Church to the Mongol Emperors and to the Qing Dynasty: in particular, the failure of the embassy of the two Papal Legates, Carlo T. Maillard De Tournon and Carlo A. Mezzabarba. Other attempts were carried out under the initiative of both Catholic and Chinese authorities, which however were frustrated by the intervention of the French government in view of guaranteeing its right of protection of the Catholic Missions.
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Notes
- 1.
The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1235–55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine (London: Hakluyt Society, 1900), translated and annotated by W.W. Rockhill in https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/carpini.html.
- 2.
It was entitled Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratiae 1253 ad partes Orientales.
- 3.
Henry Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, vol. II (London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1913–1916), pp. 209–269.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
Reported in Kilian Stumpf, S.J., The Acta Pekinensia or Historical Records of the Maillard de Tournon Legation, vol. I (P. Rule—C. von Collani edts, Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, Rome—Macau, 2015), pp. 64–65.
- 6.
Ibid., pp. 88–89.
- 7.
Jonathan Spence, Emperor of China, Self-Portrait of Kanghsi (New York: Vintage Book, 1988), pp. 75–79. The account of the interpretation of Kangxi, however, raises some doubts, since it is too similar to the one of Kilian Stumpf’s in the text above quoted.
- 8.
Fortunato Margiotti, “Le Missioni Cinesi nella tormenta”, in Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide Memoria Rerum, vol. II (3 vols. Rom-Friburg-Wien, 1971–1976), pp. 1002–1005; also http://archives.catholic.org.hk/Statistic/PPFC.htm.
- 9.
Sostegno Viani, Giornale della Legazione (Cologne, 1740), p. 93. https://books.google.com.hk/books.
- 10.
Archives of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of Faith (SCPF, now SC for Evangelization of Peoples), Acta 1886, vol. 255, pp. 318–324.
- 11.
See the Latin text of the Letter in Noel Gubbels, OFM, Trois Siècles d’apostolat, Histoire du Catholicisme au Hu-kwang depuis les origins 1587 jusqu’a 1870, pp. 368–370 note. See the French translation in L. Wei Tsing-sing, La Politique Missionarie de la France en Chine: 1842–1856, Paris, p. 531.
- 12.
Archives of SCPF, above quoted.
- 13.
See the full text in L’Osservatore Romano, 25 March 1885.
- 14.
In Vatican Secret Archives, Section Leo XIII, Foreign States Miscellaneous, China, IX.
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Ticozzi, S. (2023). The Holy See and the Chinese Empire: Diplomatic Attempts. In: CHINA and the Catholic Church. Christianity in Modern China. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3173-6_3
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