Abstract
Diseases are deeply implicated in the aberrant expression of microRNA (miRNA) genes. The RNA Wave 2000 dogma consists of four criteria, as first described in Chap. 2. Again, (1) miRNA genes induce transcriptional and posttranscriptional silencing through a networking architecture; (2) RNA information supplied by miRNA genes as mobile genetic elements expand to intra- and intercellularly, intra- and interorganically, and intra- and interspecies under the circulation of life to the terrestrial environment; (3) mobile miRNAs can self-proliferate; and (4) cells contain two types of information as a resident and genomic miRNA genes. Given these criteria, diseases are programmed by miRNA genetic information. Abnormal miRNA information induces system errors. In Darwinism, spontaneous mutations and recombination of genomic DNA can cause diseases. Transferable miRNA information in exosomes is passed from mother to child via breast milk, placenta, etc. Although genomic miRNA genes in the DNA genome obey Mendel’s laws, movable miRNA genes are absent from both Mendelian and Darwinian rules. Therefore, the acquired phenotype is inheritable, and the phenotype of offspring is easily reprogrammed. Beyond Darwinism and Mendelian, reprogrammed evolution as a new age is directed by the programming of the miRNA gene language. To apply the miRNA gene information algorithm to the properties of RNA Wave, the a priori miRNA gene information was converted into binary qubits as physicochemical characters, and mathematically, the electron spins of miRNAs were measured and computed in a matrix. Bit-to-bit coherence of miRNAs was recorded as the static (single) nexus score (SNS) or dynamic (double) nexus score (DNS). Since alterations in miRNA expression were both upregulation and downregulation, the binary qubits of coherence miRNA expression changes were further calculated as SNS + change (SNSC) and DNS + change (DNSC). Subsequently, DNSC has been correlated with human disease. Human disease phenotypes will be simulated by DNSC with miRNA language and artificial intelligence (AI) computing algorithm (MIRAI) in the future. The MIRAI can reduce overall healthcare cost containment.
I shall only say that the justification lies in the fact that human memory is necessarily limited.
Turing, A. M.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu-Farha M, Al-Mulla F, Thanaral TA, Kavalakatt S, Ali H et al (2020) Impact of diabetes in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Front Immunol 11:576818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.576818
Ebert MS, Sharp PA (2012) Roles for miRNAs in conferring robustness to biological process. Cell 149:515–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.005
Fujii YR (2008) Formulation of new algorithmics for miRNAs. Open Virol J 2:37–43. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357900802010037
Fujii YR (2013a) The RNA gene information: retroelement-microRNA entangling as the RNA quantum code. Methods Mol Biol 936:47–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-083-0_4
Fujii YR (2013b) RNA wave for the HIV therapy: foods, stem cells and the RNA information gene. World J AIDS 3:131–146. https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2013.32018
Fujii YR (2014) RNA information gene diseases: nano-RNA-based medical devices with corporate chemotherapy and gene therapy. In: Wang B (ed) RNA nanotechnology. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 385–434
Fujii YR (2018) The quantum language of the microRNA gene and anticancer: with a dynamic computer simulation of human breast cancer drug resistance. Integr Mol Med 5:1–13. https://doi.org/10.15761/IMM.1000346
Fujii YR (2023) The microRNA quantum code book. Springer Nature, Singapore
Fujii YR, Saksena NK (2008) Viral infection-related microRNAs in viral and host genomic evolution. In: Morris KV (ed) RNA and the regulation of gene expression. Horizon Scientific Press, London, pp 91–107
Giri R, Carthew RW (2014) microRNAs suppress cellular phenotypic heterogeneity. Cell Cycle 13:1517–1518. https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.29013
Gong J, Liu C, Liu W, Wu Y, Ma Z et al (2015) An update of miRNA SNP database for better SNP selection by GWAS data, miRNA expression and online tools. Database 2015:bav029. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bav029
Goulart LF, Bettella F, Sønderby JE, Schork AJ, Thompson WK et al (2015) MicroRNA enrichment in GWAS of complex human phenotypes. BMC Gen 16:304. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1513-5
Gray C, Li M, Reynolds CM, Vickers MH (2014) Let-7 miRNA profiles are associated with the reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension in adult male offspring from mothers undernourished during pregnancy following preweaning growth hormone treatment. Enocrinology 155:4808–4817. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1567
Guzman N, Agarwal K, Asthagiri D, Saji M, Ringel MD et al (2015) Breast cancer-specific miR signature unique to extracellular vesicles includes “microRNA-like” tRNA fragments. Mol Cancer Res 13:891–901. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-14-0533
Hartman H (1975) Speculations on the evolution of the genetic code. Orig Life 6:423–427
Haussecker D, Huang Y, Lau A, Parameswaran P, Fire AZ et al (2010) Human tRNA-derived small RNAs in the global regulation of RNA silencing. RNA 16:673–695. https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.2000810
Kimura M (1983) Neutral theory of molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kuswanto CN, Sum MY, Qiu A, Sitoh YY, Liu J et al (2015) The impact of genome wide supported microRNA-137 (MIR137) risk variants on frontal and striatal white matter integrity, neurocognitive functioning, and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 168B:317–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32314
Liu G, Zhang R, Xu J, Wu C, Lu X (2015) Functional conservation of both CDS- and 3’-UTR-located microRNA binding sites between species. Mol Biol Evol 32:623–628. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu323
Lukasik A, Zielenkiewicz P (2014) In silico identification of plant miRNAs in mammalian breast milk exosomes-a small step forward? PLoS One 9:e99963. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099963
McPherson NO, Owens JA, Fullston T, Lane M (2015) Preconception diet or exercise interventions in obese fathers normalizes sperm microRNA profile and metabolic syndrome in female offspring. Am J Physiol Endcrinol Metab 308:E805–E821. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00013.2015
Mehanna ET, Ghattas MH, Mesbah NM, Saleh SM, Abo-Elmatty DM (2015) Association of microRNA-146a rs2910164 gene polymorphism with metabolic syndrome. Folia Biol 61:43–48
Mu J, Zhuang X, Wang Q, Jiang H, Deng ZB et al (2014) Interspecies communication between plant and mouse gut host cells through edible plant derived exosome-like nanoparticles. Mol Nutr Food Res 58:1561–1573. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300729
Osone T, Yoshikawa T, Fujii YR (2015) microRNA memory II. A novel scoring integration model for prediction of human disease by microRNA/microRNA quantum multi-interaction. J Adv Med Phar Sci 5:1–18. https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMPS/2016/22095
Peletto S, Bertolini S, Maniaci MG, Colussi S, Modesto P et al (2012) Association of an indel polymorphism in the 3’ UTR of the caprine SPRN gene with scrapie positivity in the central nervous system. J Gen Virol 93:1620–1623. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.041400-0
Prabhu BN, Kanchamreddy SH, Sharma AR, Bhat SK, Bhat PV et al (2021) Conceptualization of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of polycystic ovarian syndrome genes: an in silico approach. J Endocrinol Investig 44:1783–1793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01498-4
Rodin S, Ohno S (1997) Four primordial modes of tRNA-synthetase recognition, determined by the (G, C) operational code. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5187–5188
Salmena L, Poliseno L, Tay Y, Kats L, Pandolfi PP (2011) A ceRNA hypothesis: the rosetta stone of a hidden RNA language? Cell 146:353–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.014
Sene LB, Mesquita FF, de Moraes LN, Santos DC, Carvalho R et al (2013) Involvement of renal corpuscle microRNA expression on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in maternal low protein diet in adult programmed rats. PLoS One 8:e71310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071310
Shoshan E, Mobley AK, Braeuer RR, Kamiya T, Huang L et al (2015) Reduced adenosine-to-inosine miR-455-5p editing promotes melanoma growth and metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 17:311–321. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3110
Song M, Yu J, Li B, Dong J, Gao J et al (2022) Identification of functionally important miRNA targeted genes associated with child obesity trait in genome-wide association studies. BMC Genomics 23(Suppl 4):360. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08576-8
Starck SR, Jiang V, Pavon-Eternod M, Prasad S, McCarthy B et al (2012) Leucine-tRNA initiates at CUG start codons for protein synthesis and presentation by MHC class I. Science 336:1719–1723. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1220270
Sun X, Yang J, Yu M, Yao D, Zhou L et al (2020) Global identification and characterization of tRNA-derived RNA fragment landscapes across human cancer. NAR cancer 2:zcaa031. https://doi.org/10.1093/narcan/zcaa031
Tesche C (2000) Quantum mechanics: enhanced: Schrodinger’s cat is out of the hat. Science 290:720–721. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5492.720
Tuller T, Carmi A, Vestsigian K, Navon S, Dorfan Y et al (2010) An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for controlling the efficiency of protein translation. Cell 141:344–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.031
Vijg J, Suh Y (2013) Genome instability and aging. An Rev Physiol 75:645–668. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183715
Villescas-Diaz G, Zacharias M (2003) Sequence context dependence to tandem guanine: adenine mismatch conformations in RNA: a continuum solvent analysis. Biophys J 85:416–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74486-5
Wang Z, Sun X, Wang Y, Liu X, Xuan Y et al (2014) Association between miR-27a genetic variants and susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Diagn Path 9:146. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1596-9-146
Yang Z, Nielsen R (2008) Mutation-selection models of codon substitution and their use to estimate selective strengths on codon usage. Mol Biol Evol 25:568–579. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm284
Yoshikawa M, Fujii YR (2016) Human ribosomal RNA-derived resident microRNAs as the transmitter of information upon the cytoplasmic cancer stress. Biomed Res Int 2016:7562085. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7562085
Yoshikawa M, Osone T, Fujii YR (2015) microRNA memory I: the positive correlation between synergistic effects of microRNAs in cancer and a novel quantum scoring system. J Adv Med Phar Sci 5:1–16. https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMPS/2016/22134
Ziebarth JD, Bhattacharya A, Chen A, Cui Y (2012) PolymiRTS database 2.0: linking polymorphisms in microRNA target sites with human diseases and complex traits. Nucleic Acids Res 40:D216–D221. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr1026
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fujii, Y.R. (2023). Programmed Evolution by miRNA Memory. In: The MicroRNA 2000 Transformer. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3165-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3165-1_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-3164-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-3165-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)