Abstract
A lower extremity ulcer is full thickness skin loss with progression into chronic wound, which shows no tendency to heal after 3 months of appropriate treatment or is still not fully healed at 12 months [1]. Chronic wounds may be of malignant etiology and as high as 10.4% incidence has been reported [2]. Malignant melanoma is a malignancy of aggressive behavior that develops when melanin-producing melanocytes originating from the neural crest undergo malignant transformation. Melanoma can develop in other places where neural crest cells migrate, such as the gastrointestinal system and the brain, and is most commonly found on the skin [3].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kahle B, Hermanns HJ, Gallenkemper G. Evidence-based treatment of chronic leg ulcers. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011;108(14):231–7. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2011.0231.
Senet P, Combemale P, Debure C, Baudot N, Machet L, Aout M, Lok C. Malignancy and chronic leg ulcers: the value of systematic wound biopsies: a prospective multicentre, cross-sectional study. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:704–8.
Heistein JB, Acharya U. Malignant melanoma. In: Stat Pearls. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2021.
American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2021. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2021/cancer-facts-and-figures-2021.pdf. Accessed 20 Mar 2022.
Donley GM, Liu WT, Pfeiffer RM, McDonald EC, Peters KO, Tucker MA, Cahoon EK. Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use and incidence of melanoma among women in the United States. Br J Cancer. 2019;120(7):754–60.
Dalvin LA, Damento GM, Yawn BP, Abbott BA, Hodge DO, Pulido JS. Parkinson disease and melanoma: confirming and reexamining an association. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(7):1070–9.
Amber TL, Bruce HL. The Washington manual of surgery. 6th ed. St Luis: Wolters-Kluwer-Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2012.
Kantor J, Kantor DE. Routine dermatologist-performed full-body skin examination and early melanoma detection. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(8):873–6.
Sabel MS, Wong SL. Review of evidence-based support for pretreatment imaging in melanoma. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2009;7(3):281–9.
Xing Y, Bronstein Y, Ross MI, Askew RL, Lee JE, Gershenwald JE, et al. Contemporary diagnostic imaging modalities for the staging and surveillance of melanoma patients: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(2):129–42.
Farah M, Chung HJ. Diagnostic utility of preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of melanomas with a co-existent nevoid melanocytic population: a single-center retrospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;87:486.
Cesinaro AM, Piana S, Paganelli A, Pedroni G, Santandrea G, Maiorana A. PRAME expression in cellular neurothekeoma: a study of 11 cases. J Cutan Pathol. 2021;49:338.
Hu J, Cai X, Lv JJ, Wan XC, Zeng XY, Feng ML, et al. PRAME immunohistochemistry as an adjunct for differential diagnosis in acral lentiginous melanoma and acral nevi. Hum Pathol. 2021;120:9.
Rashid S, Tsao H. Recognition, staging, and management of melanoma. Med Clin North Am. 2021;105(4):643–61.
Wilson ML. Histopathologic and molecular diagnosis of melanoma. Clin Plast Surg. 2021;48(4):587–98.
Revythis A, Shah S, Kutka M, Moschetta M, Ozturk MA, Pappas-Gogos G, et al. Unraveling the wide spectrum of melanoma biomarkers. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(8).
Bronstein Y, Ng CS, Rohren E, Ross MI, Lee JE, Cormier J, et al. PET/CT in the management of patients with stage IIIC and IV metastatic melanoma considered candidates for surgery: evaluation of the additive value after conventional imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198(4):902–8.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: melanoma: cutaneous. NCCN. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/melanoma.pdf. Version 1.2022–3 Dec 2021; Accessed 6 Dec 2021.
Gillgren P, Drzewiecki KT, Niin M, et al. 2-cm versus 4-cm surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma thicker than 2 mm: a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9803):1635–42.
Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Health professional version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/melanoma-treatment-pdq#link/_25_toc. 2021. Accessed 25 Apr 2022.
Bachter D, Michl C, Buchels H, Vogt H, Balda BR. The predictive value of the sentinel lymph node in malignant melanomas. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2001;158:129–36.
American Joint Committee on Cancer. Melanoma of the skin. In: Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, et al., editors. AJCC staging manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2016.
Swetter SM, Tsao H, Bichakjian CK, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Elder DE, Gershenwald JE, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(1):208–50.
Michielin O, van Akkooi A, Lorigan P, et al. ESMO consensus conference recommendations on the management of locoregional melanoma: the ESMO guidelines committee. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:1449.
Garbe C, et al. European Dermatology Forum (EDF), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). European consensus-based inter-disciplinary guideline for melanoma. Part 1: diagnostics—update 2019. Eur J Cancer. 2020;126:141–58.
Bichakjian CK, Halpern AC, Johnson TM, Foote Hood A, Grichnik JM, Swetter SM, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:1032.
Faries MB, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, Andtbacka RH, Mozzillo N, et al. Completion dissection or observation for sentinel-node metastasis in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(23):2211–22.
Kunishige JH, Brodland DG, Zitelli JA. Surgical margins for melanoma in situ. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(3):438–44.
Saberian C, Sperduto P, Davies MA. Targeted therapy strategies for melanoma brain metastasis. Neurooncol Adv. 2021;3(Suppl 5):v75–85.
Khaddour K, Maahs L, Avila-Rodriguez AM, Maamar Y, Samaan S, Ansstas G. Melanoma targeted therapies beyond BRAF-mutant melanoma: potential druggable mutations and novel treatment approaches. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(22).
Zeng H, Liu F, Zhou H, Zeng C. Individualized treatment strategy for cutaneous melanoma: where are we now and where are we going? Front Oncol. 2021;11:775100.
Teixido C, Castillo P, Martinez-Vila C, Arance A, Alos L. Molecular markers and targets in melanoma. Cell. 2021;10(9).
Ferrucci PF, Lens M, Cocorocchio E. Combined BRAF-targeted therapy with immunotherapy in BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma patients. Curr Oncol Rep. 2021;23(12):138.
Murali R, Desilva C, Thompson JF, Scolyer RA. Factors predicting recurrence and survival in sentinel lymph node-positive melanoma patients. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1155–64.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tiwary, S.K. (2023). Malignant Melanoma. In: Khanna, A.K., Tiwary, S.K. (eds) Uncommon Ulcers of the Extremities. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1782-2_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1782-2_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-1781-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-1782-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)