Skip to main content

A Comparison of Research Trends in Information Literacy in Higher Education of Asian and Non-Asian Countries

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Information Literacy Education of Higher Education in Asian Countries

Abstract

Information literacy is a core research topic in the fields of library and information science. Long-term retrospective literature analysis can reveal the development context of this field. This study used bibliometric mapping analysis and content analysis to compare and analyze the research on information literacy in higher education (ILHE) in Asian and non-Asian countries, to explore the characteristics and differences of each region, and to provide a reference for promoting information literacy education in Asian countries. The results showed that most ILHE studies in Asian and non-Asian countries focused on undergraduate students and adopted quantitative analysis methods. In addition, information literacy has non-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary characteristics. In most ILHE studies in both Asian and non-Asian countries, it was not limited to a specific field or cross-disciplinary field. In terms of research topics, most ILHE studies in both Asian and non-Asian countries explored affective or influencing factors, and it was also found that metacognition, higher-order thinking skills, threshold concepts, and skills have development potential.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ACRL. (2015). Framework for information literacy for higher education. The Association of College and Research Libraries. http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework

  • Aharony, N., Julien, H., & Nadel-Kritz, N. (2020). Survey of information literacy instructional practices in academic libraries. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(4), 964–971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albitz, R. S. (2007). The what and who of information literacy and critical thinking in higher education. Libraries and the Academy, 7(1), 97–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anthonysamy, L., Koo, A. C., & Hew, S. H. (2020). Self-regulated learning strategies in higher education: Fostering digital literacy for sustainable lifelong learning. Education and Information Technologies, 25(4), 2393–2414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arpaci, I., & Basol, G. (2020). The impact of preservice teachers’ cognitive and technological perceptions on their continuous intention to use flipped classroom. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 3503–3514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barefoot, M. R. (2018). Identifying information need through storytelling. Reference Services Review, 46(2), 251–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendriss, R., Saliba, R., & Birch, S. (2015). Faculty and librarians’ partnership: Designing a new framework to develop information fluent future doctors. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 41(6), 821–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhardwaj, R. K. (2017). Information literacy in the social sciences and humanities: A bibliometric study. Information and Learning Science, 188(1/2), 67–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bicen, H., & Beheshti, M. (2022). Assessing perceptions and evaluating achievements of ESL students with the usage of infographics in a flipped classroom learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(3), 498–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blau, I., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Avdiel, O. (2020). How does the pedagogical design of a technology-enhanced collaborative academic course promote digital literacies, self-regulation, and perceived learning of students? The Internet and Higher Education, 45, 100722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boadi, B., Banji, G. T., Adzobu, P., & Okyere, S. (2021). Information needs of breast cancer patients and how educational status influence their information needs in Ghana. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 53(4), 686–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boh Podgornik, B., Dolničar, D., Šorgo, A., & Bartol, T. (2016). Development, testing, and validation of an information literacy test (ILT) for higher education. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(10), 2420–2436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, F. (2021). Training peer teachers to teach first year graduate level information literacy sessions. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(2), 102308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, N., & Chen, L. (2014). Evaluating the learning effectiveness of an online information literacy class based on the Kirkpatrick framework. Libri, 64(3), 211–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, N., Wang, Z., & Hsu, S. H. (2020). A comparison of the learning outcomes for a PBL-based information literacy course in three different innovative teaching environments. Libri, 70(3), 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. C., Wang, N. C., Tu, Y. F., & Lin, H. J. (2021). Research trends from a decade (2011–2020) for information literacy in higher education: Content and bibliometric mapping analysis. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 58(1), 48–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. H. (2015). Testing the impact of an information literacy course: Undergraduates’ perceptions and use of the university libraries’ web portal. Library & Information Science Research, 37(3), 263–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S. C., Hwang, G. J., & Lai, C. L. (2020). Critical research advancements of flipped learning: A review of the top 100 highly cited papers. Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1765395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daugherty, A. L., & Russo, M. F. (2011). An assessment of the lasting effects of a stand-alone information literacy course: The students’ perspective. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 37(4), 319–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawes, L. (2019). Faculty perceptions of teaching information literacy to first-year students: A phenomenographic study. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51(2), 545–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, A. L., Bothma, T. J. D., & Du Toit, P. H. (2011). Enhancing information literacy through the application of whole brain in strategies. Libri, 61(1), 67–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Hoz, A., Cubero, J., Melo, L., Durán-Vinagre, M. A., & Sánchez, S. (2021). Analysis of digital literacy in health through active university teaching. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diehm, R. A., & Lupton, M. (2012). Approaches to learning information literacy: A phenomenographic study. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 38(4), 217–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foo, S., Zhang, X., Chang, Y. K., Majid, S., Mokhtar, I. A., Sin, J., & Theng, Y. L. (2013). Information literacy skills of humanities, arts, and social science tertiary students in Singapore. Reference and User Services Quarterly, 53(1), 40–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford-Baxter, T., Faulkner, K., & Masunaga, J. (2022). Situating information literacy: A case study exploring faculty knowledge of national disciplinary standards and local program learning outcomes. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 48(3), 102523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, S., Chen, X., & Deng, S. (2021). Relating health information literacy self-efficacy to information technology use and health status: A large-scale study of Chinese undergraduates. The Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science/la Revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L’information Et De Bibliothéconomie, 44(1), 38–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Zamar, M. D., Ortiz Jiménez, L., Sánchez Ayala, A., & Abad-Segura, E. (2020). The impact of the university classroom on managing the socio-educational well-being: A global study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, K. S., & Dale, J. (2017). Assessing and meeting the information literacy needs of incoming transfer students: Implementing ACRL’s assessment in action program. Reference Services Review, 45(3), 527–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M., & Latham, D. (2012). What’s skill got to do with it?: Information literacy skills and self-views of ability among first-year college students. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(3), 574–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M., Julien, H., & Latham, D. (2022). Librarian views of the ACRL Framework and the impact of covid-19 on information literacy instruction in community colleges. Library & Information Science Research, 44(2), 101151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M., Latham, D., & Julien, H. (2018). What the framework means to me: Attitudes of academic librarians toward the ACRL framework for information literacy for higher education. Library & Information Science Research, 40(3–4), 262–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Y. R., Goh, D. H. L., Luyt, B., Sin, S. C. J., & Ang, R. P. (2015). The effectiveness and acceptance of an affective information literacy tutorial. Computers & Education, 87, 368–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán-Simón, F., García-Jiménez, E., & López-Cobo, I. (2017). Undergraduate students’ perspectives on digital competence and academic literacy in a Spanish University. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 196–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halasa, S., Abusalim, N., Rayyan, M., Constantino, R. E., Nassar, O., Amre, H., Sharab, M., & Qadri, I. (2020). Comparing student achievement in traditional learning with a combination of blended and flipped learning. Nursing Open, 7(4), 1129–1138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanz, K., & Kingsland, E. S. (2020). Fake or for real? A fake news workshop. Reference Services Review, 48(1), 91–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanif, A., Jamal, F. Q., & Imran, M. (2018). Extending the technology acceptance model for use of e-learning systems by digital learners. IEEE Access, 6, 73395–73404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, A. J., & Kim, H. J. (2018). College students’ digital readiness for academic engagement (DRAE) scale: Scale development and validation. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 27(4), 303–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoss, T., Ancina, A., & Kaspar, K. (2022). German university students’ perspective on remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A quantitative survey study with implications for future educational interventions. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 734160–734160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, K., & Kelly, D. (2013). The daily image information needs and seeking behavior of Chinese undergraduate students. College & Research Libraries, 74(3), 243–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humrickhouse, E. (2021). Flipped classroom pedagogy in an online learning environment: A self-regulated introduction to information literacy threshold concepts. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(2), 102327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarson, J., & Hamelers, R. (2021). Is the ACRL Framework a teaching tool? Undergraduates’ interpretations of its language and concepts. Reference Services Review, 50(2), 179–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julien, H., Gross, M., & Latham, D. (2018). Survey of information literacy instructional practices in US academic libraries. College & research libraries, 79(2), 179.’

    Google Scholar 

  • Keshavarz, H., Givi, M. R. E., Vafaeian, A., & Khademian, M. (2017). Information literacy self-efficacy dimensions of post graduate students: Validating a Persian version scale. Libri, 67(1), 75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. U., & Shumaker, D. (2015). Student, librarian, and instructor perceptions of information literacy instruction and skills in a first year experience program: A case study. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 41(4), 449–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsley, K., Galbraith, G. M., Herring, M., Stowers, E., Stewart, T., & Kingsley, K. V. (2011). Why not just Google it? An assessment of information literacy skills in a biomedical science curriculum. BMC Medical Education, 11(1), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirker, M. J., & Stonebraker, I. (2019). Architects, renovators, builders, and fragmenters: A model for first year students’ self-perceptions and perceptions of information literacy. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 45(1), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koc, M., & Barut, E. (2016). Development and validation of New Media Literacy Scale (NMLS) for university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 834–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kocak, O., Coban, M., Aydin, A., & Cakmak, N. (2021). The mediating role of critical thinking and cooperativity in the 21st century skills of higher education students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 42, 100967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolle, S. R. (2017). Global research on information literacy: A bibliometric analysis from 2005 to 2014. The Electronic Library, 35(2), 283–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korber, I., & Shepherd, J. (2019). Teaching the information literacy Framework: Creating choose-your-own-adventure flip-books. Reference Services Review, 47(4), 461–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kratochvíl, J. (2013). Evaluation of e-learning course, information literacy, for medical students. The Electronic Library, 31(1), 55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krutkowski, S., Taylor-Harman, S., & Gupta, K. (2020). De-biasing on university campuses in the age of misinformation. Reference Services Review, 48(1), 113–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, C. L. (2020). Trends of mobile learning: A review of the top 100 highly cited papers. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(3), 721–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latini, N., & Bråten, I. (2022). Strategic text processing across mediums: A verbal protocol study. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(2), 493–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., & Tak, S. H. (2022). Factors associated with eHealth literacy focusing on digital literacy components: A cross-sectional study of middle-aged adults in South Korea. Digital Health, 8, 20552076221102764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerdpornkulrat, T., Poondej, C., Koul, R., Khiawrod, G., & Prasertsirikul, P. (2019). The positive effect of intrinsic feedback on motivational engagement and self-efficacy in information literacy. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 37(4), 421–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maitaouthong, T., Tuamsuk, K., & Tachamanee, Y. (2012). The roles of university libraries in supporting the integration of information literacy in the course instruction. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 17(1), 51–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, S., Hayashi, H., & Yeung, P. (2012). Negotiating the multi in multilingualism and multiliteracies: Undergraduate students in Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Modern Language Review, 68(1), 28–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGrew, S., Smith, M., Breakstone, J., Ortega, T., & Wineburg, S. (2019). Improving university students’ web savvy: An intervention study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 485–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menke, M. R., & Paesani, K. (2019). Analysing foreign language instructional materials through the lens of the multiliteracies framework. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 32(1), 34–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mery, Y., Newby, J., & Peng, K. (2012). Why one-shot information literacy sessions are not the future of instruction: A case for online credit courses. College & Research Libraries, 73(4), 366–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nahyun, K., & Hana, S. (2017). Personality traits, gender, and information competency among college students. Malaysian Journal of Library &Amp; Information Science, 16(1), 87–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazim, M., & Ahmad, M. (2007). Research trends in information literacy: A bibliometric study (Paper E). SRELS Journal of Information Management, 44(1), 53–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikpeyma, N., Zolfaghari, M., & Mohammadi, A. (2021). Barriers and facilitators of using mobile devices as an educational tool by nursing students: A qualitative research. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onyancha, O. B. (2020). Knowledge visualization and mapping of information literacy, 1975–2018. IFLA Journal, 46(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035220906536

  • Peled, Y. (2021). Pre-service teacher’s self-perception of digital literacy: The case of Israel. Education and Information Technologies, 26(3), 2879–2896.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J., Leichner, N., Mayer, A. K., & Krampen, G. (2017). Making information literacy instruction more efficient by providing individual feedback. Studies in Higher Education, 42(6), 1110–1125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, M. (2015). Viewing and exploring the subject area of information literacy assessment in higher education (2000–2011). Scientometrics, 102, 227–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, M., Caballero Mariscal, D., & Segura, A. (2022). Experiences of information literacy and mobile technologies amongst undergraduates in times of COVID. A qualitative approach. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 74(2), 181–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, M., Cordon, J. A., & Gómez Díaz, R. (2010). Thirty years of information literacy (1977—2007). A terminological, conceptual and statistical analysis. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 42(1), 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, M., Fernández-Pascual, R., Caballero-Mariscal, D., et al. (2020a). Information literacy trends in higher education (2006–2019): Visualizing the emerging field of mobile information literacy. Scientometrics, 124, 1479–1510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, M., Fernández-Pascual, R., Caballero-Mariscal, D., & Sales, D. (2020). Information literacy trends in higher education (2006–2019): Visualizing the emerging field of mobile information literacy. Scientometrics, 124(2), 1479–1510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, M., Pouliot, C., & Cordón-García, J. A. (2014). E-book reading among Spanish university students. The Electronic Library, 32(4), 473–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M., Perkins, H., & Bodey, K. (2016). Academic motivation and information literacy self-efficacy: The importance of a simple desire to know. Library & Information Science Research, 38(1), 2–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sales, D., Cuevas-Cerveró, A., & Gómez-Hernández, J. A. (2020). Perspectives on the information and digital competence of Social Sciences students and faculty before and during lockdown due to Covid-19. Profesional De La Información, 29(4), e290423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury, F., & Karasmanis, S. (2011). Are they ready? Exploring student information literacy skills in the transition from secondary to tertiary education. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 42(1), 43–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, L. (2012). Faculty perspectives on information literacy as a student learning outcome. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 38(4), 226–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sezer, B. (2020). Implementing an information literacy course: Impact on undergraduate medical students’ abilities and attitudes. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(6), 102248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shao, X., & Purpur, G. (2016). Effects of information literacy skills on student writing and course performance. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 42(6), 670–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. K. (2013). Secondary teachers and information literacy (IL): Teacher understanding and perceptions of IL in the classroom. Library & Information Science Research, 35(3), 216–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stadtler, M., Scharrer, L., & Bromme, R. (2020). How relevance affects understanding of conflicts between multiple documents: An eye-tracking study. Reading Research Quarterly, 55(4), 625–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, E., Kintz, S., Pestorious, C., & Teriba, A. (2018). Assessment for learning: Using programmatic assessment requirements as an opportunity to develop information literacy and data skills in undergraduate students. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 43(7), 1061–1068.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A., & Dalal, H. A. (2017). Gender and information literacy: Evaluation of gender differences in a student survey of information sources. College & Research Libraries, 78(1), 90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ting, Y. L. (2015). Tapping into students’ digital literacy and designing negotiated learning to promote learner autonomy. The Internet and Higher Education, 26, 25–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, M., & Moran, C. (2017). Are transfer students lagging behind in information literacy? Reference Services Review, 45(2), 286–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, B., Royal, B., & Purnell, M. (2011). Using an interdisciplinary partnership to develop nursing students’ information literacy skills: An evaluation. Contemporary Nurse, 38(1–2), 122–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tu, Y. F., & Hwang, G. J. (2020). Transformation of educational roles of library-supported mobile learning: A literature review from 2009 to 2018. The Electronic Library, 38(4), 695–710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vanwynsberghe, H., Vanderlinde, R., Georges, A., & Verdegem, P. (2015). The librarian 2.0: Identifying a typology of librarians’ social media literacy. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 47(4), 283–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valantinaitė, I., & Sederevičiūtė-Pačiauskienė, Ž. (2020). The change in students’ attitude towards favourable and unfavourable factors of online learning environments. Sustainability, 12(19), 7960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vodă, A. I., Cautisanu, C., Grădinaru, C., Tănăsescu, C., & de Moraes, G. H. S. M. (2022). Exploring digital literacy skills in social sciences and humanities students. Sustainability, 14(5), 2483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, H., Becker, D., & Hillmert, S. (2019). Information-seeking behaviour and academic success in higher education: Which search strategies matter for grade differences among university students and how does this relevance differ by field of study? Higher Education, 77(4), 657–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, A., & Chen, G. (2016). A study on the effects of teachers’ information literacy on information technology integrated instruction and teaching effectiveness. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(2), 335–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, D., Rahman, M. K., Issa Gazi, M. A., Rahaman, M. A., Hossain, M. M., & Akter, S. (2021). Analyzing of user attitudes toward intention to use social media for learning. SAGE Open, 11(4), 21582440211060784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, P., Liang, X., Huang, G., & Liu, X. (2016). Mapping the field of communication technology research in Asia: Content analysis and text mining of SSCI journal articles 1995–2014. Asian Journal of Communication, 26(6), 511–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, W., Ma, Y. Y., & Lin, H. L. (2021). Research on blended learning in physical education during the covid-19 pandemic: A case study of chinese students. SAGE Open, 11(4), 21582440211058196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong, Z., Hu, D., Zheng, F., Ding, S., & Luo, A. (2018). Relationship between information-seeking behavior and innovative behavior in Chinese nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 63, 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, D., Zhang, R., Xie, H., & Wang, F. L. (2021). Digital game-based learning of information literacy: Effects of gameplay modes on university students’ learning performance, motivation, self-efficacy and flow experiences. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 37(2), 152–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yun-Fang Tu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Tu, YF., Chen, CC., Wang, NC., Hunsapun, N., Chen, YC. (2023). A Comparison of Research Trends in Information Literacy in Higher Education of Asian and Non-Asian Countries. In: Chen, CC., Wang, ML., Chu, S.K.W., Ishita, E., Tuamsuk, K., Shamila, M.S. (eds) Information Literacy Education of Higher Education in Asian Countries. Learning Sciences for Higher Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0522-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0522-5_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-99-0521-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-99-0522-5

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics