Abstract
The combination of wearable devices with the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning technologies has led to innovative analytical tools with potential applications in different fields, ranging from healthcare to smart agriculture. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the application of machine learning algorithms to wearable technologies. After introducing the algorithms more commonly used for analyzing data from wearable devices, we review contributions to the field within the last 5 years. Special emphasis is placed on the application of this approach to health monitoring, sports analytics, and smart agriculture.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Seshadri, D. R., et al. (2019). Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete. NPJ Digital Medicine, 2.
Sabry, F., Eltaras, T., Labda, W., Alzoubi, K., & Malluhi, Q. (2022). Machine learning for healthcare wearable devices: The big picture. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2022.
María, E., Reyes, F., & Joshi, N. (2021). Smart materials for electrochemical flexible nanosensors : Advances and applications.
Min, J., Sempionatto, J. R., Teymourian, H., Wang, J., & Gao, W. (2021). Wearable electrochemical biosensors in North America. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 172, 112750.
Wearable Technology Market. (2022). Precedence Research https://www.precedenceresearch.com/wearable-technology-market
Airgo. (2021). https://www.myairgo.com/
VitalPatch RTM. (2022). Vital Connect. https://vitalconnect.com/
SenseHub Dairy. (2022). Allflex. https://www.allflexsa.com/products/monitoring/cow-monitoring/
Sempionatto, J. R., Jeerapan, I., Krishnan, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Wearable chemical sensors: Emerging systems for on-body analytical chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04668
Cui, F., Yue, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zhou, H. S. (2020). Advancing biosensors with machine learning. ACS Sensors, 5, 3346–3364.
Meisel, C., et al. (2020). Machine learning from wristband sensor data for wearable, noninvasive seizure forecasting. Epilepsia, 61, 2653–2666.
Zhang, M., et al. (2021). Wearable internet of things enabled precision livestock farming in smart farms: a review of technical solutions for precise perception, biocompatibility, and sustainability monitoring. Journal of Cleaner Production, 312, 127712.
Son, H., et al. (2022). A machine learning approach for the classification of falls and activities of daily living in agricultural workers. IEEE Access, 10, 77418–77431.
Kimball, J. P., Inan, O. T., Convertino, V. A., Cardin, S., & Sawka, M. N. (2022). Wearable sensors and machine learning for hypovolemia problems in occupational, military and sports medicine: Physiological basis, hardware and algorithms. Sensors, 22.
Torgo, L., & Gama, J. (1997). Regression using classification algorithms. Intelligent Data Analysis, 1, 275–292.
Crocker, D. C., & Seber, G. A. F. Linear regression analysis. Technometrics, 22.
Vapnik, V. N. (1998). Statistical learning theory. Wiley-Interscience.
Cristianini, N., & Shawe-Taylor, J. (2000). An introduction to support vector machines and other kernel-based learning methods. Cambridge University Press.
Ho, T. K. (1998). The random subspace method for constructing decision forests. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20, 832–844.
Chen, T., & Guestrin, C. (2016). XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system (pp. 785–794).
Breiman, L. (1996). Bagging predictors. Machine learning, 24(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018054314350
Opitz, D., & Maclin, R. (1999). Popular ensemble methods: an empirical study. Journal of artificial intelligence research, 11169–198. https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.614
Shwartz-Ziv R., & Armon, A. (2021). Tabular data: deep learning is Not All You Need, arXiv:2106.03253
Fix, E., & Hodges, J. L. (1989). Discriminatory analysis . Nonparametric discrimination: Consistency properties. International Statistical Review, 57, 238–247.
Cover, T. M., & Hart, P. E. (1967). Nearest neighbor pattern classification. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 13, 21–27.
Black, P.E. (Ed.) (2006). Manhattan distance, in dictionary of algorithms and data structures [online], 11 February 2019. Available from: https://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/manhattanDistance.html. Accessed by 3 Nov 2023
Black, P.E. (Ed.) Euclidean distance, in dictionary of algorithms and data structures [online], 17 December 2004. Available from: https://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/euclidndstnc.html. accessed Today
Forgy, E. W. (1965). Cluster analysis of multivariate data: Efficiency vs. interpretability of classifications. Biometrics, 21, 768–769. JSTOR 2528559
Jain, A. K., & Dubes, R. C. (1988). Algorithms for clustering data. Prentice Hall.
Huang, Z. (1998). Extensions to the k-means algorithm for clustering large data sets with categorical values. Data Mining Knowledge Discovery, 2, 283–304.
Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J., & Xu, X. A. (1996). Density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (Vol. 2, pp. 226–231). AAAI Press.
Rosenblatt, F. (1958). The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological Review, 65(6), 386–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042519
Hardesty, L. (2017). MIT News Office. Explained: Neural networks.
Brown, T. B., et al. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2020-Decem.
Deng, L., & Yu, D. (2014). Deep learning: Methods and applications. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/deep-learning-methods-and-applications/
Raschka, S. (2015). Looking at different performance evaluation metrics. In Python MAchine Learning, 189–198. Packt Publishing Ltd.
Fawcett, T. (2006). Introduction to receiver operator curves. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27, 861–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010
Willmott, Cort J., & Matsuura, K., (2005). Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance. Climate Research, 30, 79–82.
Yan, X., & Su, X. (2009). Linear regression analysis: Theory and computing. world scientific.
Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987). Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. Journal of computational and applied mathematics, 20, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7
Toh, C., & Brody, J. P. (2021). Applications of machine learning in healthcare. In Smart manufacturing: When artificial intelligence meets the internet of things, 65.
Desautels, T., et al. (2016). Prediction of sepsis in the intensive care unit with minimal electronic health record data: A machine learning approach. JMIR Medical Informatics, 4, 1–15.
Luo, C., et al. (2022). A machine learning-based risk stratification tool for in-hospital mortality of intensive care unit patients with heart failure. Journal of Translational Medicine, 20, 1–9.
Murali, S., Rincon, F., Cassina, T., Cook, S., & Goy, J. J. (2020). Heart rate and oxygen saturation monitoring with a new wearable wireless device in the intensive care unit: Pilot comparison trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22.
Hirten, R. P., et al. (2022). Evaluation of a machine learning approach utilizing wearable data for prediction of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers. JAMIA Open, 5, 1–9.
Farooq, A., Seyedmahmoudian, M., & Stojcevski, A. (2021). A Wearable wireless sensor system using machine learning classification to detect arrhythmia. IEEE Sensors Journal, 21, 11109–11116.
Resque, P., Barros, A., Rosario, D., & Cerqueira, E. (2019). An investigation of different machine learning approaches for epileptic seizure detection. 2019 15th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference IWCMC 2019 (pp. 301–306). https://doi.org/10.1109/IWCMC.2019.8766652
Lee, S. H., et al. (2022). Fully portable continuous real-time auscultation with a soft wearable stethoscope designed for automated disease diagnosis. Science Advances, 8, 1–13.
Green, E. M., et al. (2019). Machine learning detection of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using a wearable biosensor. NPJ Digital Medicine, 2, 1–4.
Varatharajan, R., Manogaran, G., Priyan, M. K., & Sundarasekar, R. (2018). Wearable sensor devices for early detection of Alzheimer disease using dynamic time warping algorithm. Cluster Comput., 21, 681–690.
Lam, B., et al. (2021). Using wearable activity trackers to predict type 2 diabetes: Machine learning-based cross-sectional study of the UK Biobank accelerometer cohort. JMIR Diabetes, 6, 1–15.
Zhang, K., et al. (2022). Biodegradable smart face masks for machine learning-assisted chronic respiratory disease diagnosis. ACS Sensors. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c01628
Yu, J., Wang, X., Chen, X., & Guo, J. (2021). Automatic premature ventricular contraction detection using deep metric learning and KNN. Biosensors, 11.
Lonini, L., et al. (2021). Rapid screening of physiological changes associated with COVID-19 using soft-wearables and structured activities: A pilot study. IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine, 9.
Sabry, F., et al. (2022). Towards on-device dehydration monitoring using machine learning from wearable device’s data. Sensors, 22, 1–20.
Dunn, J., et al. (2021). Wearable sensors enable personalized predictions of clinical laboratory measurements. Nature Medicine, 27.
Stehlik, J., et al. (2020). Continuous wearable monitoring analytics predict heart failure hospitalization: The LINK-HF multicenter study. Circulation: Heart Failure 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006513
Ejupi, A., & Menon, C. (2018). Detection of talking in respiratory signals: A feasibility study using machine learning and wearable textile-based sensors. Sensors (Switzerland), 18.
Zhao, X., et al. (2019). An IoT-based wearable system using accelerometers and machine learning for fetal movement monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Cyber Physical Systems ICPS 2019 (pp. 299–304). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPHYS.2019.8780301
Qi, W., & Aliverti, A. (2020). A multimodal wearable system for continuous and real-time breathing pattern monitoring during daily activity. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 24, 2199–2207.
Gossec, L., et al. (2019). Detection of flares by decrease in physical activity, collected using wearable activity trackers in rheumatoid arthritis or axial spondyloarthritis: An application of machine learning analyses in rheumatology. Arthritis Care and Research, 71, 1336–1343.
Kańtoch, E. (2018). Recognition of sedentary behavior by machine learning analysis of wearable sensors during activities of daily living for telemedical assessment of cardiovascular risk. Sensors (Switzerland), 18, 1–17.
Veli, M., & Ozcan, A. (2018). Computational sensing of staphylococcus aureus on contact lenses using 3D imaging of curved surfaces and machine learning. ACS Nano, 12, 2554–2559.
Zeng, Z., et al. (2020). Nonintrusive monitoring of mental fatigue status using epidermal electronic systems and machine-learning algorithms. ACS Sensors, 5, 1305–1313.
Fairbairn, C. E., Kang, D., & Bosch, N. (2020). Using machine learning for real-time BAC estimation from a new-generation transdermal biosensor in the laboratory. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 216, 108205.
Nath, R. K., Thapliyal, H., & Caban-Holt, A. (2022). Machine learning based stress monitoring in older adults using wearable sensors and cortisol as stress biomarker. The Journal of Signal Processing Systems, 94, 513–525.
Desai, K., et al. (2020). A novel machine learning based wearable belt for fall detection. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Computing Power Communication Technologies GUCON 2020 (pp. 502–505). https://doi.org/10.1109/GUCON48875.2020.9231114
Wang, X., Xiao, Y., Deng, F., Chen, Y., & Zhang, H. (2021). Eye-movement-controlled wheelchair based on flexible hydrogel biosensor and wt-svm. Biosensors, 11.
Choi, Y. A., et al. (2021). Machine-learning-based elderly stroke monitoring system using electroencephalography vital signals. Applied Sciences, 11, 1–18.
Yu, S., Chai, Y., Chen, H., Sherman, S. J., & Brown, R. A. (2022). Wearable sensor-based chronic condition severity assessment: An adversarial attention-based deep multisource multitask learning approach. MIS Quarterly, 46, 1355–1394.
World Health Organization. (2022). Epilepsy. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy#:~:text=Ratesofdisease&text=Theestimatedproportionofthe,diagnosedwithepilepsyeachyear
Wang, M., et al. (2022). A wearable electrochemical biosensor for the monitoring of metabolites and nutrients. Nature Biomedical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00916-z
Sempionatto, J. R., et al. (2021). An epidermal patch for the simultaneous monitoring of haemodynamic and metabolic biomarkers. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 5, 737–748.
Yang, Y., et al. (2020). A laser-engraved wearable sensor for sensitive detection of uric acid and tyrosine in sweat. Nature Biotechnology, 38, 217–224.
Muniz-Pardos, B., et al. (2021). Wearable and telemedicine innovations for Olympic events and elite sport. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 61, 1061–1072.
Jeong, Y., et al. (2021). Ultra-wide range pressure sensor based on a microstructured conductive nanocomposite for wearable workout monitoring. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 10, 2001461.
Menzel, T., & Potthast, W. (2021). Validation of a novel boxing monitoring system to detect and analyse the centre of pressure movement on the boxer’s fist. Sensors, 21, 8394.
Liu, W., Long, Z., Yang, G., & Xing, L. (2022). A self-powered wearable motion sensor for monitoring volleyball skill and building big sports data. Biosensors, 12, 60.
Gao, W., et al. (2016). Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature, 529, 509–514.
Hao, J., Zhu, Z., Hu, C., & Liu, Z. (2022). Photosensitive-stamp-inspired scalable fabrication strategy of wearable sensing arrays for noninvasive real-time sweat analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 94, 4547–4555.
Zhong, J., et al. (2022). Smart face mask based on an ultrathin pressure sensor for wireless monitoring of breath conditions. Advanced Materials, 34, 2107758.
Ji, S., et al. (2020). Water-resistant conformal hybrid electrodes for aquatic endurable electrocardiographic monitoring. Advanced Materials, 32, 2001496.
Pan, L., et al. (2014). An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film. Nature Communications, 5, 1–8.
Yeung, K. K., et al. (2021). Recent advances in electrochemical sensors for wearable sweat monitoring: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 21, 14522–14539.
Liu, Y., et al. (2018). Flexible, stretchable sensors for wearable health monitoring: Sensing mechanisms, materials, fabrication strategies and features. Sensors, 18, 645.
Liu, G., et al. (2016). A wearable conductivity sensor for wireless real-time sweat monitoring. Sensors Actuators B Chemical, 227, 35–42.
Tabasum, H., Gill, N., Mishra, R., & Lone, S. (2022). Wearable microfluidic-based e-skin sweat sensors. RSC Advances, 12, 8691–8707.
Rajšp, A., & Fister, I., Jr. (2020). A systematic literature review of intelligent data analysis methods for smart sport training. Applied Sciences, 10, 3013.
Acikmese, Y., Ustundag, B. C., & Golubovic, E. (2017) Towards an artificial training expert system for basketball. In 2017 10th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO) (pp. 1300–1304). IEEE.
Das, D., Busetty, S. M., Bharti, V., & Hegde, P. K. (2017). Strength training: A fitness application for indoor based exercise recognition and comfort analysis. In 2017 16th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA) (pp. 1126–1129). IEEE.
López-Matencio, P., Alonso, J. V., González-Castano, F. J., Sieiro, J. L., & Alcaraz, J. J. (2010). Ambient intelligence assistant for running sports based on k-NN classifiers. In 3rd International Conference on Human System Interaction (pp. 605–611). IEEE.
Zhou, B., Sundholm, M., Cheng, J., Cruz, H., & Lukowicz, P. (2016). Never skip leg day: A novel wearable approach to monitoring gym leg exercises. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom) (pp. 1–9). IEEE.
Ohgi, Y., Kaneda, K., & Takakura, A. (2014). Sensor data mining on the kinematical characteristics of the competitive swimming. Procedia Engineering, 72, 829–834.
Lim, S.-M., Oh, H.-C., Kim, J., Lee, J., & Park, J. (2018). LSTM-guided coaching assistant for table tennis practice. Sensors, 18, 4112.
Zago, M., Sforza, C., Dolci, C., Tarabini, M., & Galli, M. (2019). Use of machine learning and wearable sensors to predict energetics and kinematics of cutting maneuvers. Sensors, 19, 3094.
Rose, D. C., & Chilvers, J. (2018). Agriculture 4.0: Broadening responsible innovation in an era of smart farming. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2, 1–7.
Alexander, P., et al. (2017). Smart irrigation system for smart farming. In 26th International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2017 CYPRUS).
Yin, H., et al. (2021). Soil sensors and plant wearables for smart and precision agriculture. Advanced Materials, 33, 1–24.
Neethirajan, S. (2020). The role of sensors, big data and machine learning in modern animal farming. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 29, 100367.
Suparwito, H., Thomas, D. T., Wong, K. W., Xie, H., & Rai, S. (2021). The use of animal sensor data for predicting sheep metabolisable energy intake using machine learning. Information Processing in Agriculture, 8, 494–504.
Stafford, J. V. (2000). Implementing precision agriculture in the 21st century. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 76, 267–275.
Benos, L., Tsaopoulos, D., & Bochtis, D. (2020). A review on ergonomics in agriculture. part II: Mechanized operations. Applied Sciences, 10.
Aiello, G., Catania, P., Vallone, M., & Venticinque, M. (2022). Worker safety in agriculture 4.0: A new approach for mapping operator’s vibration risk through machine learning activity recognition. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 193.
Lee, G., Wei, Q., & Zhu, Y. (2021). Emerging wearable sensors for plant health monitoring. Advanced Functional Materials, 31.
Tang, W., Yan, T., Ping, J., Wu, J., & Ying, Y. (2017). Rapid fabrication of flexible and stretchable strain sensor by chitosan-based water ink for plants growth monitoring. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2, 1–5.
Jiang, J., Zhang, S., Wang, B., Ding, H., & Wu, Z. (2020). Hydroprinted Liquid-alloy-based morphing electronics for fast-growing/tender plants: From physiology monitoring to habit manipulation. Small, 16.
Lee, H. J., Joyce, R., & Lee, J. (2022). Liquid polymer/metallic salt-based stretchable strain sensor to evaluate fruit growth. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14, 5983–5994.
Nassar, J. M., et al. (2018). Compliant plant wearables for localized microclimate and plant growth monitoring. npj Flexible Electronics, 2, 1–12.
Barbosa, J. A., et al. (2022). Biocompatible wearable electrodes on leaves toward the on-site monitoring of water loss from plants. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14, 22989–23001.
Li, Z., et al. (2021). Real-time monitoring of plant stresses via chemiresistive profiling of leaf volatiles by a wearable sensor. Matter, 4, 2553–2570.
Li, D., et al. (2022). Virtual sensor array based on piezoelectric cantilever resonator for identification of volatile organic compounds. ACS Sensors, 7, 1555–1563.
Acknowlegements
This work was supported by FAPESP (2018/22214-6 and 2020/14906-5), CNPq, CAPES, and INEO.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ibáñez-Redin, G., Duarte, O.S., Cagnani, G.R., Oliveira, O.N. (2023). A Machine Learning Approach in Wearable Technologies. In: Joshi, N., Kushvaha, V., Madhushri, P. (eds) Machine Learning for Advanced Functional Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0393-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0393-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-0392-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-0393-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)