Keywords

1 Introduction

China is a big country with a lot of people and a big construction country. It is estimated that the number of new buildings in China will be around 3 billion square meters annually, and the current construction area will not be able to satisfy people's demand. Along with the aging of the population, the speed of urbanization and so on, the demand of the construction industry in China is also growing. To solve this problem, China started to promote prefab buildings. However, due to the immature construction techniques, the study in China is relatively late, mainly in theory. Prefabrication has been widely applied in modern architecture due to its high efficiency, low cost, and low pollution. However, it is difficult to control the quality of prefabrication. In order to guarantee the construction quality, it is essential to supervise and control the construction process.

Recently, prefab construction has attracted wide attention. Many scholars and experts have carried out a thorough study and analysis of prefab modules. Among them, Wasim Muhammad gave an overview of DfMA approaches and their applications in fabrication and prefabrication. This review is based on the Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of the Preferred Reporting Project (PRISMA), with minor changes. By comparing and discussing prefabrication and fabrication technology, it is proved that pre-fabrication and fabrication are similar in practice. In the end, he concludes with recommendations for future work and potential DfMA applications in the field of architecture [1]. Dou Yudan builds a three-tiered evolutionary game model on the basis of government, developer, and contractor perspective theory. Through strict theoretical deduction, the data were collected by Delphi, Policy Document and Document Analysis. The results indicate that contractors are in general willing to carry out the project, and the Government has decided to actively supervise its deployment. Passive investment behavior of developers is a major barrier to PC's promotion in Changchun [2]. The objective of Almashaqbeh Mohammad's study is to develop a new optimization model that will allow modular building planners to minimize the overall transport and storage costs of prefabricated modules in modular construction projects. Model performance was evaluated with a mixed module building in a medical facility, and its capability to minimize the overall transport and on-site storage costs of prefab modules in the building [3]. The above study has achieved a good result in the promotion of prefabricated building projects, there are still some deficiencies.

Traditional construction supervision and quality control methods are relatively simple, and the traditional work method is mainly applied to the construction supervision and quality control. There are some limitations to this method. Along with the development of society and the economy, the level of IT is becoming higher. Digital technique is characterized by high accuracy, large quantity of data and various kinds of data. In this paper, the application of digital technique in construction supervision and quality control is analyzed, and the construction level is raised.

2 Prefabricated Building

Prefabricated buildings are prefabricated, hoisted and installed on site. Compared with cast-in-place buildings, prefabricated buildings have advantages as shown in Table 1 [4].

Table 1. Advantages of prefabricated buildings
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Because the prefabricated building construction site only has a set of formwork, a set of steel bars, a set of hydropower equipment and a small number of carpenters and other operators, this makes the prefabricated building can be replicated in different regions and different climate environments [5]. Since prefabricated components are standardized products that are shipped to the site for assembly and installation after production in the factory, the number of wet operations on the construction site can be reduced, and construction pollution and safety hazards can be reduced. Prefabricated components are standardized products and their quality is relatively high, so there would be no large-scale damage in the event of natural disasters such as earthquakes. At the same time, when the prefabricated components are transported to the site for installation after the completion of production in the factory, there would be no large errors or deformation [6].

Prefabricated components are standardized products, which can reduce errors or damage caused by human factors in the construction process. At the same time, prefabricated building components would not be deformed or damaged when they are transported to the site for assembly and installation after production in the factory. Because prefabricated buildings are standardized products, they can be copied and expanded during construction. At the same time, prefabricated buildings are standardized products that can be produced and installed in factories. Since prefabricated buildings are standardized products, they can be installed and used in different regions and climates [7].

3 Construction Monitoring System

In the process of prefabricated building construction, monitoring the installation process, transportation process, stacking and lifting process of prefabricated components can effectively control the construction quality and reduce construction hidden dangers [8]. The monitoring content of the installation of prefabricated components mainly includes the deformation monitoring of prefabricated components and the installation deformation monitoring of prefabricated components. Deformation monitoring is the monitoring of the displacement generated by the structure or component during installation. If the deformation exceeds the allowable range, measures should be taken to control it, and artificial, intelligent, sensor and other technologies can be used to collect data [9]. In the deformation monitoring of prefabricated component installation, the displacement generated by the structure or component should be collected in real time. After the data is collected, it can be analyzed and processed according to the actual situation. Artificial or intelligent processing can be used to determine whether the data is accurate. The construction monitoring system uses the Internet of Things technology to build an intelligent perception network, and collects information and data through sensors, cameras and other devices. Big data technology is used to establish a three-dimensional model, and then the state changes of monitored objects are judged through data analysis and processing in the computer, so as to realize construction monitoring [10]. Generally, formula (1), formula (2) and formula (3) are used.

$$ F(x) = \frac{2x - 1}{{2x + 1}} $$
(1)

In formula (1): x is the standard value of the sequence.

$$ F(x) = vx + c $$
(2)

In formula (2): v and c represent the intercept and slope respectively.

$$ Q(v) = - \frac{1}{A}\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{A} {\left[ {z_{i} \log (z_{i} ) + (1 + \hat{z}_{i} )\log (1 - \hat{z}_{i} )} \right]} $$
(3)

In formula (3): A is the model parameter or weight, z is the real label, and \({z}_{i}\) is the prediction label.

In the process of prefabricated building construction, sensors are used to monitor the installation deformation of prefabricated components, and three-dimensional models are established by using the Internet of Things technology to transfer the specific information in the project to the intelligent perception network. Intelligent sensing network plays an important role in deformation monitoring of prefabricated components during installation. After obtaining the engineering information through the intelligent perception network, the appropriate sensor equipment is selected according to the construction site conditions for measurement and data collection. The Internet of Things technology is used to build a three-dimensional model to realize real-time monitoring of the construction site, through which engineering information can be transmitted to the intelligent perception network, which can improve the efficiency of construction monitoring [11, 12].

4 Quality Control Methods

4.1 Develop a Quality Control Plan

In the construction process, it is necessary to formulate a perfect quality control scheme, and formulate comprehensive quality control measures according to the actual situation of the project before construction. The quality control scheme is mainly to effectively monitor each link in the construction process to ensure the overall quality of the project construction. To develop a sound quality control plan, it can start from the following aspects [13, 14]: First, it can check and verify the materials and equipment used in the project before construction to ensure that the materials and equipment meet the construction requirements. Secondly, the construction personnel can be trained before construction to ensure that the operator has professional skills and literacy. In the construction, it is necessary to formulate clear operating procedures and working standards to improve the quality of the project. Thirdly, the construction methods and technologies used in the project should be clearly stipulated before construction to ensure the scientific and normative construction operations. Finally, it is necessary to do a good job in the construction process to find and deal with the existing problems in a timely manner [15].

The formulation of quality control plan needs to analyze all aspects involved in the project, and formulate a comprehensive quality control plan according to the actual situation. For example, pre-loading work should be carried out before the installation of prefabricated wall panels, and pre-loading work can be done before concrete placement to ensure the stability and accuracy of component installation during concrete placement [16]. In order to improve the efficiency and quality of engineering construction, it is necessary to establish an information technology monitoring platform to effectively monitor all aspects.

4.2 Apply Information Technology to Monitor Construction Quality

In the prefabricated construction project, the use of information technology to monitor the construction quality is conducive to improving the accuracy and efficiency of the construction and ensuring the quality of the project. For example, before hoisting precast concrete components, BIM technology should be used to analyze and process the hoisting equipment to ensure that the installation position and direction of the equipment comply with relevant regulations [17]. It can be operated according to BIM data collection during the hoisting process to ensure the safety of the hoisting process. Information technology can be used to monitor the construction process, which can avoid project quality problems caused by problems and errors in the construction process. For example, the prefabricated wall panels need to be measured before installation, and the position and direction of the wall panels can be determined according to the measurement results [18]. Through information technology, the construction process can be effectively monitored, and the engineering quality monitoring efficiency and quality control level can be improved. In addition, the application of information technology can also improve the efficiency of engineering quality management. For example, data collection should be done well before hoisting precast concrete members, and data analysis and processing can be carried out according to relevant standards to improve the level of construction quality management [19, 20].

5 Experiment on Digital Technology of Construction Monitoring and Quality Control

This paper conducts research experiments on construction monitoring and quality control, and the selected indicators are: monitoring efficiency (Fig. 1), construction quality (Fig. 2) and construction cost (Fig. 3). Among them, the monitoring efficiency refers to the efficiency of monitoring the non-standard operations of workers. The construction quality pass rate is obtained through quality inspection, and the construction cost is the cost spent to improve the quality pass rate.

Fig. 1.
figure 1

Monitoring efficiency

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It can be found from Fig. 1 that before the study of digital technology, the efficiency of construction monitoring is only 84.9% at the highest and 80.3% at the lowest, and the average efficiency obtained after calculation is 82.52%. After the study of digital technology, the efficiency of construction monitoring reaches 92.9% at the highest, 87.1% at the lowest, and the average efficiency obtained after calculation is 89.14%. It can be concluded that the digital technology research of construction monitoring and quality control can effectively improve the monitoring efficiency.

Fig. 2.
figure 2

Construction quality

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As can be seen from Fig. 2, before the study of digital technology, the highest qualified rate of construction is only 93%, the lowest is 90%, and the average qualified rate obtained after calculation is 91.60%. After the study of digital technology, the highest qualified rate of construction reached 95.7%, the lowest was 94%, and the average qualified rate was 94.70%. It can be concluded that the digital technology research of construction monitoring and quality control can effectively improve the qualified rate of construction.

Fig. 3.
figure 3

Construction cost

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As can be seen from Fig. 3, before the study of digital technology, the highest construction cost was $375, the lowest was $365, and the average cost was $370.7. After the digital technology study, the construction cost was as high as $363 and as low as $349, resulting in an average cost of $355.9. It can be concluded that the digital technology research of construction monitoring and quality control can effectively reduce the construction cost of prefabricated construction projects.

6 Conclusions

In this paper, the digital technology of construction monitoring and quality control of prefabricated building engineering is studied, and the digital technology of construction monitoring and quality control is analyzed through case analysis, and it is found that it has the characteristics of multi-dimension and all-round, and can integrate various information and data. Through these data, this paper can accurately evaluate the project, optimize and improve the project, minimize the risk of construction, and ensure the construction quality. At present, there are still some problems in the application of digital technology in prefabricated construction projects, such as incomplete application of digital technology and low level of information management. In order to promote the application of digital technology in prefabricated building engineering, it is necessary to formulate corresponding solutions according to the actual situation.