Skip to main content

Social Protection

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Artificial Intelligence and the Law

Abstract

Social protection refers to policies and programs implemented by governments to reduce poverty and vulnerability among citizens. The main objective is to create efficient labor markets, minimize exposure to risks, and enhance people’s capability to protect themselves against hazards and income interruption or loss (Dixon, J.E., 1999. Social Security in Global Perspective. Connecticut, US: Greenwood.). Social security, on the other hand, is the protection provided by society through public measures against economic and social distress that could result from sickness, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, invalidity, old age, death, medical care provision, and subsidies for families with children (International Labour Organization, International Labour Office, World Labour Report 2000: Income Security and Social Protection in a Changing World, International Labour Organization, 2000).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-02-01-sa-must-rework-and-fix-our-social-contract-lest-our-democratic-gains-be-reversed/.

  2. 2.

    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/12/south-africa-zuma-protests.

  3. 3.

    https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-02-01-sa-must-rework-and-fix-our-social-contract-lest-our-democratic-gains-be-reversed/.

  4. 4.

    https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-01-democracy-and-constitutionalism-under-threat-from-unchecked-power.

  5. 5.

    https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/31/africa/johannesburg-fire-south-africa-death-intl-hnk/index.html.

References

  • Becker, U., & Chisalina, O., eds. (2021). Social Law 4.0: New approaches for ensuring and financing social security in the digital age. Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, C., & Raab, C. (2005). Joined-up government and privacy in the United Kingdom: Managing tensions between data protection and social policy. Part II. Public Administration, 83(2), 393–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R. M., Jarman, J., & Racko, G. (2018). Understanding gender inequality in employment and retirement. In Exploring social inequality in the 21st Century (pp. 136–150). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buthelezi, M., & Vale, P. (2023). State capture in South Africa: How and why it happened. NYU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmona, M. S. (2018). Is biometric technology in social protection programmes illegal or arbitrary? An analysis of privacy and data protection. In Book Is biometric technology in social protection programmes illegal or arbitrary? An analysis of privacy and data protection.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carney, T. (2020a). Automation in social security: Implications for merits review? Australian Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 260–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, T. (2020b). Artificial intelligence in welfare: Striking the vulnerability balance? Monash University Law Review, 46(2), 23–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chibba, M., & Luiz, J. M. (2011). Poverty, inequality and unemployment in South Africa: Context, issues and the way forward. Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 30(3), 307–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, J. E. (1999). Social security in global perspective. Connecticut, Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, G. V., Gruber, J., & Kumar, A. (2022). Early social security claiming and old-age poverty: Evidence from the introduction of the social security early eligibility age. Journal of Human Resources, 57(4), 1079–1106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engin, E. M. (2018). Bipartite, tripartite, tripartite-plus social dialogue mechanisms and best practices in the EU Member States. ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fashoyin, T. (2004). Tripartite cooperation, social dialogue and national development. Int’l Lab. Rev., 143, 341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forman, J. B. (1991). Promoting fairness in the social security retirement program: Partial integration and a credit for dual-Earner couples. Tax Law, 45, 915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, B. (2022). Artificial intelligence in social security: Opportunities and challenges. Журнал Исследований Социальной Политики, 20(3), 407–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiland, F., & Yin, N. (2014). Have we finally achieved actuarial fairness of social security retirement benefits and will it last? Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper, (2014–307).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, S. (2023). A constitutional study on the utilization of artificial intelligence in the social security area. Law Journal, 80, 37–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Labour Office. (2000). World Labour Report 2000: Income Security and Social Protection in a Changing World. International Labour Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, Z., & Richards, R. (2023). State capture and serious organized crime in South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaltenborn, M. (2013). The human rights-based approach to social protection. In Social protection in developing countries (pp. 53–62). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaseke, E. (2010). The role of social security in South Africa. International Social Work, 53(2), 159–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy, R., & Desouza, K. C. (2014). Big data analytics: The case of the social security administration. Information Polity, 19(3–4), 165–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köbis, N., Starke, C., & Rahwan, I. (2021). Artificial Intelligence as an Anti-Corruption Tool (AI-ACT)--Potentials and Pitfalls for Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.11567

  • Kuhn, M. L. (2018). 147 million social security numbers for sale: Developing data protection legislation after mass cybersecurity breaches. Iowa l. Rev., 104, 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, T. S., Shen, H., Geum, J., Jones, N., Hong, J. I., Zhu, H., & Holstein, K. (2023). April. Understanding frontline workers’ and unhoused individuals’ perspectives on AI used in homeless services. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–17).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, E. (1989). Expert systems at the social security administration. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 8(2), 200–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthuli, M. S. (2020). Disbursing of social security grants: a case of uMgungundlovu District, South Africa (Doctoral dissertation).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marwala, T. (2013). Economic modeling using artificial intelligence methods (No. 11396). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marwala, T. (2014). Artificial intelligence techniques for rational decision making. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Marwala, T., & Hurwitz, E. (2017). Artificial intelligence and economic theory: Skynet in the market (Vol. 1). Springer International Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mpedi, L. G. (2018, August 30). Law and industry 4.0 in South Africa: A social security perspective. Paper presented at the University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Law Indaba, Johannesburg, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mpedi, L. G. (2008). Pertinent social security issues in South Africa. Bellville: Community Law Centre (University of the Western Cape).

    Google Scholar 

  • Odilla, F. (2023). Bots against corruption: Exploring the benefits and limitations of AI-based anti-corruption technology. Crime, Law and Social Change, pp. 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauw, K., & Mncube, L. (2007). Expanding the social security net in South Africa: Opportunities, challenges and constraints.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillay, P., Chitunhu, K., & Chivandire, L. (2023). State capture in South Africa: Going back to basics. African Journal of Public Affairs, 14(1), 152–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radulovic, U. (2023). The role of whistleblowing as a mechanism to combat state capture: A case from the global South. NBP-Journal of Criminalistics and Law, 28(3), 62–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E., Yoshioka-Maxwell, A., Petering, R., Onasch-Vera, L., Craddock, J., Tambe, M., Yadav, A., Wilder, B., Woo, D., Winetrobe, H., & Wilson, N. (2018). Piloting the use of artificial intelligence to enhance HIV prevention interventions for youth experiencing homelessness. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 9(4), 551–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, J. J. (1964). The social contract (1762). Londres.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samad, Z. A. (2009). The role of civil society in social protection. Paper presented at the Arab Forum on Social Policy, Beirut, Lebanon, 28–29 October.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, P. (2002). The direct and indirect effects of unemployment on poverty and inequality. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 5(4), 507–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarcella, L. (2019). Artificial intelligence and labor markets. A critical analysis of solution models from a tax law and social security law perspective. Rivista italiana di informatica e diritto, 1(1), 53–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, G. (2000). Globalization and social protection: The impact of EU and international rules in the ratcheting up of US privacy standards. Yale J. Int’l l., 25, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1973). Poverty, inequality and unemployment: Some conceptual issues in measurement. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 1457–1464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolstokorova, A. (2009, March). Multiple marginalities: Gender dimension of rural poverty, unemployment and labour migration in Ukraine. In FAOIFAD-ILO experts workshop “Gaps, trends and current research in gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment: differentiated pathways out of poverty. Rome (pp. 31–03).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ukpere, W. I. (2011). Globalization and the challenges of unemployment, income inequality and poverty in Africa. African Journal of Business Management, 5(15), 6072.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanBerlo, B., Ross, M. A., Rivard, J., & Booker, R. (2021). Interpretable machine learning approaches to prediction of chronic homelessness. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 102, 104243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., Lin, T., & Xu, H. (2022). The theoretical topology and implementation of enterprise social security in the digital age based on big data and artificial intelligence. Journal of Sensors.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcock, S. (2017). Governing social security fraud and non-compliance in Australia (Doctoral dissertation, UNSW Sydney).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcock, S. (2023). Policing welfare fraud: The government of welfare fraud and non-compliance. Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilder, B., Onasch-Vera, L., Diguiseppi, G., Petering, R., Hill, C., Yadav, A., Rice, E., & Tambe, M. (2021, May). Clinical trial of an AI-augmented intervention for HIV prevention in youth experiencing homelessness. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 35, No. 17, pp. 14948–14956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolard, I., Harttgen, K., & Klasen, S. (2011). The history and impact of social security in South Africa: Experiences and lessons. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/revue Canadienne D’études Du Développement, 32(4), 357–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xing, B., Gao, W. J., Battle, K., Marwala, T., & Nelwamondo, F. V. (2010). Artificial intelligence in reverse supply chain management: The state of the art. arXiv preprint arXiv:1012.4046

  • Yermek, B., Zhanna, K., Dinara, B., Gulzhazira, M., Gulim, K., & Lidiya, B. (2020). Human dignity-the basis of human rights to social protection. Wisdom, 3(16),143–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, S., Ayandibu, A. O., Chimucheka, T., & Masuku, M. M. (2023). Government social protection and households’ welfare during the Covid-19 pandemic in South Africa. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 3(4).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tshilidzi Marwala .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Marwala, T., Mpedi, L.G. (2024). Social Protection. In: Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2827-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2827-5_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-97-2826-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-97-2827-5

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics