Abstract
In power grids, since the synchrophasor measurement protocol lacks a built-in encryption mechanism, measurement data transmission and communication are vulnerable to false data injection attacks (FDIA) that can cause the state estimation (SE) results to deviate from the ground truth. The existing test environments are insufficient to validate the consequences of the vulnerability. Therefore, this paper proposes building a testbed based on a real-time digital simulator to reproduce SE process with synchrophasor data for the grid. The testbed encompasses multiple remote terminal units and phasor measurement units data transmission to the substation in the IEEE C37.118 or Modbus protocol. Based on these synchrophasors and other measurement information like voltage and power flow, nonlinear SE results are calculated satisfying physical laws including power flow balance and Kirchhoff laws. Honest Gauss Newton method is utilized to achieve more accurate state estimation outcomes, with the objective of minimizing the sum of squared error between measurement data and the estimated value. Finally, several stealthy FDIA experiments are conducted on this testbed considering the security issues of the data transmission protocol. The results show that these attacks can successfully bypass the residue-based bad data detection and falsify the grid states, leading to uneconomic and even insecure grid control and dispatch decisions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Luo, X., Li, Y.: Security enhancement mechanism of modbus TCP protocol. DEStech Trans. Comput. Sci. Eng. 10 (2019)
Khan, R., McLaughlin, K., Laverty, D., Sezer, S.: Analysis of IEEE C37.118 and IEC 61850-90-5 synchrophasor communication frameworks. In: 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–5 (2016)
Reda, H.T., Anwar, A., Mahmood, A.: Comprehensive survey and taxonomies of false data injection attacks in smart grids: attack models, targets, and impacts. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 163, 112423 (2022)
Yohanandhan, R.V., Elavarasan, R.M., Pugazhendhi, R., Premkumar, M., Mihet-Popa, L., Terzija, V.: A holistic review on cyber-physical power system testbeds for secure and sustainable electric power grid - part - ii: classification, overview and assessment of CPPs testbeds. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 137, 107721 (2022)
Liu, R., Vellaithurai, C., Biswas, S.S., Gamage, T.T., Srivastava, A.K.: Analyzing the cyber-physical impact of cyber events on the power grid. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 6(5), 2444–2453 (2015)
Nie, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhou, B., Huang, C., Cheng, L.: Demonstration of a testbed with state estimation for studying security in measurement and control of electric power transmission grid. In: 2023 15th International Conference on COMmunication Systems NETworkS (COMSNETS), pp. 198–200 (2023)
Mohagheghi, S., Stoupis, J., Wang, Z.: Communication protocols and networks for power systems-current status and future trends. In: 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, pp. 1–9. IEEE (2009)
Zhao, J., Mili, L., Wang, M.: A generalized false data injection attacks against power system nonlinear state estimator and countermeasures. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 33(5), 4868–4877 (2018)
Rahman, M.A., Mohsenian-Rad, H.: False data injection attacks against nonlinear state estimation in smart power grids. In: 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–5. IEEE (2013)
Srivastava, A., Schulz, N.: Applications of a real time digital simulator in power system education and research. In: 2009 Annual Conference & Exposition. ASEE Conferences, Austin, Texas (2009)
Lincoln, R.: Pypower (2017). https://github.com/rwl/PYPOWER. Accessed 20 July 2023
Alliance, G.P.: PMU connection tester. https://github.com/ GridProtectionAlliance/PMUConnectionTester. Accessed 20 July 2023
Github.com: gridprotectionalliance/openhistorian: The open source time-series data historian. https://github.com/GridProtectionAlliance/openHistorian. Accessed 20 July 2023
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62102375).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Nie, Y., Ye, T., Zhou, B., Xu, T., Luo, H. (2024). A Testbed for Studying Security in Synchrophasor-Based State Estimation of Electric Power Transmission Grid. In: Dong, J., Zhang, L., Cheng, D. (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Internet of Things, Communication and Intelligent Technology. IoTCIT 2023. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 1197. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2757-5_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2757-5_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-97-2756-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-97-2757-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)