Skip to main content

Social Constructionism and Environmental Discourses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Communicating Climate Change in China
  • 6 Accesses

Abstract

While climate change issues have serious impacts over objective reality, they have to be socially constructed for raising public awareness. The way of socially constructing climate change issues substantially determines the trajectory of climate policies and governance. Thus, this research is developed on the theoretical basis of social constructionism. Following ontological and epistemological discussions, this work focuses on climate change discourses and borrows key elements of discourse coalition approach. Empirically, it maps the climate discourses and discourse networks in the newspapers in China.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Antilla, L. (2008). Self-censorship and science: snA geographical review of media coverage of climate tipping points. Public Understanding of Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashlin, A., & Ladle, R. J. (2007). ‘Natural disasters’ and newspapers: Post-tsunami environmental discourse. Environmental Hazards, 7, 330–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbier, E. B. & Markandya, A. (2013). A new blueprint for a green economy. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, D., Jordan, A., Cook, H., & Smith, L. (2013). Collaborative environmental governance: Are watershed partnerships swimming or are they sinking? Land Use Policy, 30, 748–757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1991). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar, R. (2013). A realist theory of science. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bjørkum, I. (2005). China in the international politics of climate change: A foreign policy analysis, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blewitt, J. (2008). Understanding sustainable development, Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, H. (1971). Social problems as collective behavior. Social problems, 298–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boykoff, M. T., & Smith, J. (2010). 11 Media presentations of climate change. Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society, 210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boykoff, M. T. (2008). The cultural politics of climate change discourse in UK tabloids. Political Geography, 27, 549–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent, J., Sonnett, J., Botetzagias, I., Carson, M., Carvalho, A., Chien, Y.-J., Edling, C., Fisher, D., Giouzepas, G., & Haluza-Delay, R. (2016). Conflicting climate change frames in a global field of media discourse. Socius, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brulle, R. J. (2000). Agency, democracy, and nature: The US environmental movement from a critical theory perspective. MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bryman, A., & Teevan, J. J. (2005). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulkeley, H. (2000). Discourse coalitions and the Australian climate change policy network. Environment and Planning C, 18, 727–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bulkeley, H. (2014). Revisiting… Discourse coalitions and the Australian climate change policy network. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32, 957–962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burr, V. (1998). Overview: Realism, relativism, social constructionism and discourse. Social constructionism, discourse and realism, 13–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, V. (2003). Social constructionism. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, A. (2007). Ideological cultures and media discourses on scientific knowledge: Re-reading news on climate change. Public Understanding of Science, 16, 223–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, A., & Burgess, J. (2005). Cultural circuits of climate change in UK broadsheet newspapers, 1985–2003. Risk Analysis, 25, 1457–1469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cromby, J., & Nightingale, D. J. (1999). What’s wrong with social constructionism (pp. 1–19). Social constructionist psychology: A critical analysis of theory and practice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrida, J. (1978). Writing and difference. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, S. (2008). A long-run target for climate policy: The Stern Review and its critics. A Consultancy Project for the Committee on Climate Change Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (1997b). Discourse as structure and process. SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (1997a). Discourse as interaction in society. Discourse as social interaction. SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, J. (2015). Indication and inference: Reflections on the challenge of mixing paradigms in the Narrative Policy Framework. Critical Policy Studies, 9, 361–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. S. (2005). The politics of the earth: Environmental discourses. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. S. (2013). The politics of the earth: Environmental discourses. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. S., & Lo, A. Y. (2015). Reason and rhetoric in climate communication. Environmental Politics, 24, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. S., & Niemeyer, S. (2008). Discursive representation. The American Political Science Review, 102, 481–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, R. E. (2010). The maturation and diversification of environmental sociology: From constructivism and realism to agnosticism and pragmatism. The international handbook of environmental sociology, 15–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, R. E. & Mccright, A. M. (2010). Climate change denial: Sources, actors and strategies. Routledge handbook of climate change and society, 240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt, C. (2015). Discourse on climate change in China: A public sphere without the public. China Information, 29, 33–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P. K., O’Mahoney, J., & Vincent, S. (2014). Studying organizations using critical realism: A practical guide. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Elder-Vass, D. (2012). The reality of social construction. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ellermann, C. (2013). Climate change politics with Chinese characteristics: From discourse to institutionalised greenhouse gas mitigation. University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, F. (2003). Reframing public policy: Discursive politics and deliberative practices. OUP Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (2002). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (2003). The birth of the clinic: An archaeology of medical perception. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlong, P., & Marsh, D. (2010). A skin not a sweater: Ontology and epistemology in political science. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, K. S. (2007). China needs help with climate change. Current History, 107, 389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, Z. (2011). Framing climate change: A comparing analysis of Chinese and American Elite newspapers coverage on climate change during 2009 Copenhagen summit. Research Papers, Paper 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. J. (1998). Constructionism and realism: How are we to go on. Social constructionism, discourse and realism, 147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. J. (2009). Realities and relationships: Soundings in social construction. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (2013). New rules of sociological method: A positive critique of interpretative sociologies. John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (2015). The politics of climate change. Policy and Politics, 43, 155–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, G. J. (2011). What China wants: China’s climate change priorities in a post-Copenhagen world. Global Change, Peace and Security, 23, 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M. (1993). Discourse coalitions and the institutionalisation of practice, the case of acid rain in Britain, in The argumentative turn in policy analysis and planning. In F. Fischer, J. Forester, & Dawsonera (Eds.) The argumentative turn in policy analysis and planning. UCL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M., & Laws, D. (2006). Ordering through discourse. The Oxford handbook of public policy, 249–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M., & Wytske, V. (2013). Voices of vulnerability: The reconfiguration of policy discourses In J. S. Dryzek, B. N. Richard, & S. David (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of climate change and society. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M. A. (1995). The politics of environmental discourse: ecological modernization and the policy process. Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M., & Versteeg, W. (2005). A decade of discourse analysis of environmental politics: Achievements, challenges, perspectives. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 7, 175–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallding, K., Han, G., & Olsson, M. (2009). A balancing act: China’s role in climate change, Regeringskansliet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, S., & Heath, O. (2012). Political research: Methods and practical skills. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannigan, J. (2006). Environmental sociology Ed 2, Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harré, R., Brockmeier, J., & Mühlhäusler, P. (1999). Greenspeak: A study of environmental discourse. Sage publications Thousand Oaks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. G. (2010). China and Climate Change: From Copenhagen to Cancun. Environmental Law Reporter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. G., Chow, A. S., & Karlsson, R. (2013). China and climate justice: Moving beyond statism. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 13, 291–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heggelund, G. (2006). Policy change and decision-making in China. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herndl, C. G., & Brown, S. C. (1996). Green culture: Environmental rhetoric in contemporary America. University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horta, A., Carvalho, A., & Schmidt, L. (2017). The hegemony of global politics: News coverage of climate change in a small country. Society and Natural Resources, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, S. (2001). Beyond social constructionism: Critical realism and social work. British Journal of Social Work, 31, 845–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hovardas, T. (2017). Gold mining in the greek “village of gaul”: Newspaper coverage of conflict and discursive positioning of opposing coalitions. Environmental Communication, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, D. R., & Torfing, J. (2005). Discourse theory in European politics. Palgrave Macmillan Hampshire and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, D. (2000). Discourse: Concepts in the social sciences. Bukingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huaqing, X., & Shengmin, Y. (2011). Climate change responsibility and China’s endeavor. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 9, 28–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huberty, M., Gao, H., Mandell, J., & Zysman, J. (2011). Shaping the Green growth economy: A review of the public debate and the prospects for green growth. The Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R. H., & Sørensen, G. (2013). Introduction to international relations: Theories and approaches. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, D. (2013). The nature of the problem. In J. S. Dryzek, R. B. Norgaard, & D. Schlosberg (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of climate change and society. Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. D., & McBeth, M. K. (2010). A narrative policy framework: Clear enough to be wrong? Policy Studies Journal, 38, 329–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. D., & Radaelli, C. M. (2015). The narrative policy framework: Child or monster? Critical Policy Studies, 9, 339–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killingsworth, J. M., & Palmer, J. S. (1992). Ecospeak: Rhetoric and environmental politics in America. Southern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukkonen, A., Ylä-Anttila, T., & Broadbent, J. (2017). Advocacy coalitions, beliefs and climate change policy in the United States. Public Administration, n/a-n/a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (2001). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics. Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauderdale, S. (2014). Sexually marginalized youth in the South: Narration strategies and discourse coalitions in newspaper coverage of a southern high school gay-straight alliance club controversy. In Q. Youth & M. Cultures (Eds.), PULLEN, C. Palgrave Macmillan UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leifeld, P., & Haunss, S. (2012). Political discourse networks and the conflict over software patents in Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 51, 382–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lejano, R. P. (2015). Narrative disenchantment. Critical Policy Studies, 9, 368–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lejano, R., & Dodge, J. (2015). The Narrative properties of ideology and the implications for public deliberation. International Conference on Public Policy Milan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. I. (2007). China’s strategic priorities in international climate change negotiations. The Washington Quarterly, 31, 155–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leyshon, C. (2014). Critical issues in social science climate change research. Contemporary Social Science, 9, 359–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lock, A. & Strong, T. (2010). Social constructionism: sources and stirrings in theory and practice Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, D., & Stoker, G. (2010). Theory and methods in political science. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E., & Marquart-Pyatt, S. T. (2016). Political ideology and views about climate change in the European Union. Environmental Politics, 25, 338–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E., & Xiao, C. (2013). Perceived scientific agreement and support for government action on climate change in the USA. Climatic Change, 119, 511–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metze, T., & Dodge, J. (2016). Dynamic discourse coalitions on hydro-fracking in Europe and the United States. Environmental Communication, 10, 365–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. T. (2015). Scientism versus social constructionism in critical policy studies. Critical Policy Studies, 9, 356–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milton, K. (2013). Environmentalism and cultural theory: Exploring the role of anthropology in environmental discourse. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moses, J., & Torbjørn, K. L. (2012). Ways of knowing: Competing methodologies in social and political research. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, A. (2015). Using discourse network analysis to measure discourse coalitions: Towards a formal analysis of political discourse. World Political Science, 11, 377–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naustdalslid, J. (2011). Climate change: The challenge of translating scientific knowledge into action. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 18, 243–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale, D. J., & Cromby, J. (2002). Social constructionism as ontology exposition and example. Theory and Psychology, 12, 701–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, C. (2010). Constructivism and interpretive theory. In M. David & S. Gerry (Eds.), Theory and methods in political science. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew. (2015). Climate change and energy issues. In C. Funk, R. Lee, & P. Dana (Eds.) Amercians, politics and science issues. Pew Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J. (1996). Discourse analysis and constructionist approaches: Theoretical background. British Psychological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J., & Hepburn, A. (2008). Discursive constructionism. In J. A. Holstein & J. F. Gubrium (Eds.), Handbook of constructionist research. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radaelli, C. M. (1995). The role of knowledge in the policy process. Journal of European Public Policy, 2, 159–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatier, P. A., Focht, W., Lubell, M., Trachtenberg, Z., Vedlitz, A., & Matlock, M. (2005). Collaborative approaches to watershed management. In F. Sabatier, T. Lubell, & M. Vedlitz (Eds.) Swimming upstream: Collaborative approaches to watershed management. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartori, G. (1970). Concept misformation in comparative politics. American Political Science Review, 64, 1033–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, A., Ivanova, A., & Schäfer, M. S. (2013). Media attention for climate change around the world: A comparative analysis of newspaper coverage in 27 countries. Global Environmental Change, 23, 1233–1248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, V. A. (2008). Discursive institutionalism: The explanatory power of ideas and discourse. Political Science, 11, 303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, V. A., & Radaelli, C. M. (2004). Policy change and discourse in Europe: Conceptual and methodological issues. West European Politics, 27, 183–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreurs, M. A. (2011). Climate change politics in an authoritarian state: The ambivalent case of china. The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society, 449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, K. (2015). Comment on ‘the narrative policy framework: Child or monster?’ Critical Policy Studies, 9, 372–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. R. (1995). The construction of social reality. Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. R. (2006). Social ontology some basic principles. Anthropological Theory, 6, 12–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. (2009). Making the social world: The structure of human civilization. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spector, M., & Kitsuse, J. I. (1973). Social problems: a re-formulation. Social problems, 145–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, N. (2012). Ethics, equity and the economics of climate change. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper, 80–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, H., & Dryzek, J. S. (2012). The discursive democratisation of global climate governance. Environmental Politics, 21, 189–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoddart, M. C. J., & Tindall, D. B. (2015). Canadian news media and the cultural dynamics of multilevel climate governance. Environmental Politics, 24, 401–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Storch, H., Armin, B. & Stehr, N. 2011. The physical sciences and climate politics. In J. S. Dryzek, B. N., Richard, & D. Schlosberg (Eds.) The oxford handbook of climate change and society. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szarka, J. (2004). Wind power, discourse coalitions and climate change: Breaking the stalemate? European Environment, 14, 317–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, B., & Meisner, M. (2012). Environmental discourses and discourse coalitions in the reconfiguration of Peru’s environmental governance. Environmental Communication, 6, 346–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toke, D. (2013). Climate change and the nuclear securitisation of UK energy policy. Environmental Politics, 22, 553–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toke, D., & Vezirgiannidou, S.-E. (2013). The relationship between climate change and energy security: Key issues and conclusions. Environmental Politics, 22, 537–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolan, S. (2007). Coverage of climate change in Chinese media. Human Development Report, 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong, J. (2015). Investigative Journalism, Environmental Problems and Modernisation in China. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trumbo, C. (1996). Constructing climate change: Claims and frames in US news coverage of an environmental issue. Public Understanding of Science, 5, 269–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UN. (1992). United Nations framework convention on climate change. United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN. (1998). Kyoto Protocol to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Victor, D. G. (2015). Embed the social sciences in climate policy. Nature, 520, 27–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, P., & Payne, D. (2017). Trends, frames and discourse networks: Analysing the coverage of climate change in Irish newspapers. Irish Journal of Sociology, 25, 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. (2016). Climate Change Discourses in the UK General Election in 2015. Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies (CJUES), 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weingart, P., Engels, A., & Pansegrau, P. (2000). Risks of communication: Discourses on climate change in science, politics, and the mass media. Public Understanding of Science, 9, 261–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, A. (1995). Constructing international politics. International security, 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization, 46, 391–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, A. (2006). Constructivism and sociological institutionalism. Palgrave advances in European Union studies. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K. M. (2000). Communicating climate change through the media. Environmental risks and the media, 201–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittrock, B., Wagner, P., & Wollmann, H. (1991). Social science and the modern state: Policy knowledge and political institutions in Western Europe and the United States. In P. Wagner, C. H. Weiss, B. Wittrock, & H. Wollmann (Eds.), Social sciences and modern states: National experiences and theoretical crossroads. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Y. (2009). The good, the bad and the ugly: Framing of China in news media coverage of global climate change. In T. L. Boyce, Justin. (Ed.) Climate change and the media. Peter Lang Pub Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, L. (2009). Climate Change in the changing climate of news media: A comparative analysis of mainstream media and blog coverage of climate change in the United States and the People’s Republic of China, 2005–2008. Doctor of Philosophy: Southern Illinois University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G. (2005). Environmental NGOs and institutional dynamics in China. The China Quarterly, 181, 44–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yi-Jun, C., Ling-Yan, S., & Jieqiong, Z. (2011). National interest and international news reporting: how differently do china daily and the New York Times report the 2009 Copenhagen climate change conference? Asia-Pacific Science and Culture Journal, 1, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, H. (2004). Knowledge and climate change policy coordination in China. East Asia, 21, 58–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2008). New development in China’s climate change policy. China House Discussion Paper, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Y. (2000). From commercialization to conglomeration: The transformation of the Chinese press within the orbit of the party state. Journal of Communication, 50, 3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Y. (2004). The state, the market, and media control in China. In P. M. Thomas & Z. Nain (Eds.), Who owns the media?: Global trends and local resistance. Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sidan Wang .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wang, S. (2024). Social Constructionism and Environmental Discourses. In: Communicating Climate Change in China. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2515-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics