Abstract
Biomass is a renewable organic material derived from living organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and algae including food and agricultural wastes, municipal waste, animal waste, forestry residues, and waste from industries such as wood, paper, and food. Biomass is used as a fuel source even before the utilization of fossil fuels. Biomass is widely available and is chemically diverse in nature. These resources can be used as feedstock for the production of biofuels and an assortment of biochemicals. This chapter will discuss different types of biomass resources, structural components, characteristic features, and properties. Further, the chapter will deal with strategies and technologies for utilization of the biomass resources as raw material for bioenergy and the production of different commodity biochemicals and value-added products. Biomass pre-processing for effective conversion into products will also be addressed. Rising applications of biomass with reference to biomaterials and valorization of biomass waste will be focused. The challenges associated with biomass utilization will also be discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu-Jrai AM, Jamil F, Ala’a H et al (2017) Valorization of waste date pits biomass for biodiesel production in presence of green carbon catalyst. Energy Convers Manag 135:236–243
Adamowicz M (2017) Bio-economy as a concept of development strategies in the European Union. Int J Business Res Market 2:7–12
Adams P, Bridgwater T, Lea-Langton A et al (2018) Biomass conversion technologies. In: Greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems. Academic Press, pp 107–139
Agbor VB, Cicek N, Sparling R et al (2011) Biomass pretreatment: fundamentals toward application. Biotechnol Adv 29(6):675–685
Aguilar-Reynosa A, Romaní A, Rodríguez-Jasso RM et al (2017) Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: an overview. Energy Convers Manag 136:50–65
Akalin MK, Tekin K, Karagöz S (2017) Supercritical fluid extraction of biofuels from biomass. Environ Chem Lett 15:29–41
Akhtar N, Gupta K, Goyal D et al (2016) Recent advances in pretreatment technologies for efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 35(2):489–511
Alakangas E (2016) Biomass and agricultural residues for energy generation. In: Fuel flexible energy generation. Woodhead Publishing, pp 59–96
Alnhoud OT, Al-Harahsheh AM, Al-Harahsheh MS et al (2021) Animal solid waste as a potential renewable biomass energy source: a case study of Jordan. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 13:1–10
Alonso DM, Wettstein SG, Dumesic JA (2012) Bimetallic catalysts for upgrading of biomass to fuels and chemicals. Chem Soc Rev 41:8075–8098
Alsultan AG, Asikin-Mijan N, Ibrahim Z et al (2021) A short review on catalyst, feedstock, modernised process, current state and challenges on biodiesel production. Catalysts 11:1–36
Antal MJ, Grønli M (2003) The art, science, and technology of charcoal production. Ind Eng Chem Res 42(8):1619–1640
Arora S, Gupta N, Singh V (2020) Choline based basic ionic liquid (BIL)/acidic DES mediated cellulose rich fractionation of agricultural waste biomass and valorization to 5-HMF. Waste Biomass Valoriz 11:3345–3354
Azwar MY, Hussain MA, Abdul-Wahab AK (2014) Development of biohydrogen production by photobiological, fermentation and electrochemical processes: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 31:158–173
Babich IV, Van der Hulst M, Lefferts L et al (2011) Catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae to high-quality liquid bio-fuels. Biomass Bioenergy 35(7):3199–3207
Bai X, Wang G, Yu Y et al (2018) Changes in the physicochemical structure and pyrolysis characteristics of wheat straw after rod-milling pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 250:770–776
Balan V (2014) Current challenges in commercially producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. ISRN Biotechnol 2014:463074. 1
Balat M (2006) Biomass energy and biochemical conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Sources A 28(6):517–525
Baruah J, Nath BK, Sharma R et al (2018) Recent trends in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products. Front Energy Res 6:141
Behera S, Arora R, Nandhagopal N et al (2014) Importance of chemical pretreatment for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 36:91–106
Behera S, Singh R, Arora R et al (2015) Scope of algae as third generation biofuels. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2:90
Bharathiraja B, Sudharsanaa T, Bharghavi A et al (2016) Biohydrogen and biogas—an overview on feedstocks and enhancement process. Fuel 185:810–828
Bharathiraja B, Jayamuthunagai J, Chakravarthy M et al (2018) Bioprocessing of biofuels for green and clean environment. In: Bioprocess engineering for a green environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 237–249
Bhatia SK, Kim SH, Yoon JJ et al (2017) Current status and strategies for second generation biofuel production using microbial systems. Energy Convers Manag 148:1142–1156
Biller P (2018) Hydrothermal liquefaction of aquatic feedstocks. In: Direct thermochemical liquefaction for energy applications. Woodhead Publishing, Duxford, pp 101–125
Biswas G, Pokkatt PP, Ghosh A et al (2018) Valorization of waste micro-algal biomass–collected from coke oven effluent treatment plant and evaluation of sorption potential for fluoride removal. Water Sci Technol 78:132–146
Bolan N, Hoang AS, Beiyuan J et al (2021) Multifunctional applications of biochar beyond carbon storage. Int Mater Rev 67:150–200
Bolatkhan K, Kossalbayev BD, Zayadan BK et al (2019) Hydrogen production from phototrophic microorganisms: reality and perspectives. Int J Hydrog Energy 44(12):5799–5811
Borand MN, Karaosmanoğlu F (2018) Effects of organosolv pretreatment conditions for lignocellulosic biomass in biorefinery applications: a review. J Renew Sustain Energy 10(3):033104
Brancoli P, Gmoser R, Taherzadeh MJ et al (2021) The use of life cycle assessment in the support of the development of fungal food products from surplus bread. Ferment 7:173–184
Bridgwater AV, Meier D, Radlein D (1999) An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass. Org Geochem 30(12):1479–1493
Bröll D, Kaul C, Krämer A et al (1999) Chemistry in supercritical water. Angew Chem Int Ed 38(20):2998–3014
Brownsort PA (2009) Biomass pyrolysis processes: performance parameters and their influence on biochar system benefits. Dissertation, University of Edinburgh
Bule MV, Gao AH, Hiscox B et al (2013) Structural modification of lignin and characterization of pretreated wheat straw by ozonation. J Agric Food Chem 61(16):3916–3925
Cetin E, Moghtaderi B, Gupta R et al (2004) Influence of pyrolysis conditions on the structure and gasification reactivity of biomass chars. Fuel 83(16):2139–2150
Chandra RP, Bura R, Mabee WE et al (2007) Substrate pretreatment: the key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics? Biofuels 108:67–93
Chen S, Zhang X, Singh D et al (2010) Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosics: potential, progress and challenges. Biofuels 1(1):177–199
Chen W, Kuo PA (2010) Study on torrefaction of various biomass materials and its impact on lignocellulosic structure simulated by a thermogravimetry. Energy 35:2580–2586
Chen HZ, Liu ZH (2015) Steam explosion and its combinatorial pretreatment refining technology of plant biomass to bio-based products. Biotechnol. J. 10:866–885
Chen WH, Wu ZY, Chang JS (2014) Isothermal and non-isothermal torrefaction characteristics and kinetics of microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N. Bioresour Technol 155:245–251
Chen WH, Lin BJ, Huang MY, Chang JS (2015) Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass into biofuels: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 184:314–327
Chen H, Liu J, Chang X et al (2017) A review on the pretreatment of lignocellulose for high-value chemicals. Fuel Process Technol 160:196–206
Chieffi G, Fechler N, Esposito D (2015) Valorization of lignin waste from hydrothermal treatment of biomass: towards porous carbonaceous composites for continuous hydrogenation. RSC Adv 5:63691–63696
Da Silva VT, Mozer TS, da Silva CA (2017) Hydrogen: trends, production and characterization of the main process worldwide. Int J Hydrog Energy 42(4):2018–2033
Dahadha S, Amin Z, Bazyar Lakeh AA et al (2017) Evaluation of different pretreatment processes of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethane production. Energy Fuel 31(10):10335–10347
Damartzis T, Vamvuka D, Sfakiotakis S et al (2011) Thermal degradation studies and kinetic modeling of cardoon (Cynaracardunculus) pyrolysis using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Bioresour Technol 102:6230–6238
Das D, Veziroglu TN (2008) Advances in biological hydrogen production processes. Int J Hydrog Energy 33(21):6046–6057
Demirbas A (2004) The importance of biomass. Energy Sources 26(4):361–366
Demirbas A, Arin G (2002) An overview of biomass pyrolysis. Energy Sources 24(5):471–482
Dickerson T, Soria J (2013) Catalytic fast pyrolysis: a review. Energies 6:514–538
Dixon C, Wilken LR (2018) Green microalgae biomolecule separations and recovery. Bioresour Bioprocess 5(1):1–24
Donate PM (2014) Green synthesis from biomass. Chem Biol Technol Agric 1(1):1–8
Downie A, Crosky A, Munroe P (2012) Physical properties of biochar. In: Biochar for environmental management. Routledge, pp 45–64
Du H, Liu C, Zhang Y et al (2016) Preparation and characterization of functional cellulose nanofibrils via formic acid hydrolysis pretreatment and the followed high-pressure homogenization. Ind Crop Prod 94:736–745
Duque A, Manzanares P, Ballesteros M (2017) Extrusion as a pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass: fundamentals and applications. Renew Energy 114:1427–1441
El-Naggar NEA, Deraz S, Khalil A (2014) Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks based on enzymatic hydrolysis: current status and recent developments. Biotechnology 13(1):1–21
Erol M, Haykiri-Acma H, Küçükbayrak S (2010) Calorific value estimation of biomass from their proximate analyses data. Renew Energy 35(1):170–173
Faaij A (2006) Modern biomass conversion technologies. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 11:343–375
Fahmi R, Bridgwater AV, Donnison I et al (2008) The effect of lignin and inorganic species in biomass on pyrolysis oil yields, quality and stability. Fuel 87(7):1230–1240
Falkner R (2016) The Paris agreement and the new logic of international climate politics. Int Aff 92(5):1107–1125
Farhat W, Venditti RA, Hubbe M et al (2017) A review of water-resistant hemicellulose-based materials: processing and applications. Chem Sustain Chem 10(2):05–323
Frankiewicz TC (1981) Process for converting oxygenated hydrocarbons into hydrocarbons. US Patent 4,308,411, 29 Dec 1981
General Assembly (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. UN GA, pp 1–35
Goyal HB, Seal D, Saxena RC (2008) Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12(2):504–517
Gravalos I, Kateris D, Xyradakis P et al (2010) A study on calorific energy values of biomass residue pellets for heating purposes. In: Proceedings on forest engineering: meeting the needs of the society and the environment, Padova, Italy, 11–14 Jul 2010
Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Strauss J et al (2016) Lignocellulosic biomass: biosynthesis, degradation, and industrial utilization. Eng Life Sci 16(1):1–16
Hertwich EG, Zhang X (2009) Concentrating-solar biomass gasification process for a 3rd generation. Biofuel Environ Sci Technol 43:4207–4212
Hoshino T, Johnson DJ, Scholz M et al (2013) Effects of implementing PSI-light on hydrogen production via biophotolysis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant strains. Biomass Bioenergy 59:243–252
Huber GW, Iborra S, Corma A (2006) Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem Rev 106(9):4044–4098
Irmak S (2019) Challenges of biomass utilization for biofuels. In: Biomass for bioenergy—recent trends and future challenges. IntechOpen, London, pp 1–11
Janveja C, Rana SS, Soni SK (2013) Environmentally acceptable management of kitchen waste residues by using them as substrates for the production of a cocktail of fungal carbohydrates. Int J Chem Environ Eng Syst 4:20–29
Jedvert K, Heinze T (2017) Cellulose modification and shaping—a review. J Polym Eng 37(9):845–860
Juang RS, Tseng RL, Wu FC et al (1997) Adsorption behavior of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions on chitosan. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 70:391–399
Jung YH, Park HM, Kim KH (2015) Whole slurry saccharification and fermentation of maleic acid-pretreated rice straw for ethanol production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 38:1639–1644
Kalichevsky MT, Knorr D, Lillford PJ (1995) Potential food applications of high-pressure effects on ice-water transitions. Trends Food Sci Technol 6(8):253–259
Kärcher MA, Iqbal Y, Lewandowski I et al (2015) Comparing the performance of Miscanthus × giganteus and wheat straw biomass in sulfuric acid-based pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 180:360–364
Karl J (2014) Biomass heat pipe reformer—design and performance of an indirectly heated steam gasifier. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 4:1–14
Kim JS, Lee YY, Kim TH (2016a) A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 199:42–48
Kim S, Won SW, Cho CW et al (2016b) Valorization of Escherichia coli waste biomass as a biosorbent for removing reactive dyes from aqueous solutions. Desalin Water Treat 57:20084–20090
Kowsalya E, MosaChristas K, Jaquline CRI et al (2021) Sustainable use of biowaste for synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its incorporation into gelatin-based nanocomposite films for antimicrobial food packaging applications. J Food Process Eng 44:13641
Krishnan R, Hauchhum L, Gupta R, Pattanayak S (2018) Prediction of equations for higher heating values of biomass using proximate and ultimate analysis. In: Paper presented at the international conference on power, energy and environment: towards smart technology (ICEPE), IEEE, Shillong, India, 1–2 Jun 2018
Kumar AK, Sharma S (2017) Recent updates on different methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks: a review. Bioresour Bioprocess 4(1):1–19
Li H, Qu Y, Yang Y et al (2016) Microwave irradiation—a green and efficient way to pretreat biomass. Bioresour Technol 199:34–41
Lin CSK, Koutinas AA, Stamatelatou K et al (2014) Current and future trends in food waste valorization for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels: a global perspective. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 8:686–715
Lloyd TA, Wyman CE (2005) Combined sugar yields for dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining solids. Bioresour Technol 96(18):967–1977
Loow YL, Wu TY, Tan KA et al (2015) Recent advances in the application of inorganic salt pretreatment for transforming lignocellulosic biomass into reducing sugars. J Agric Food Chem 63(38):8349–8363
Lua AC, Yang T, Guo J (2004) Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the properties of activated carbons prepared from pistachio-nut shells. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 72(2):279–287
Lynd LR, Wyman CE, Gerngross TU (1999) Biocommodity engineering. Biotechnol Prog 15(5):777–793
Maitlo G, Ali I, Mangi KH et al (2022) Thermochemical conversion of biomass for syngas production: current status and future trends. Sustainability 14(5):2596
Matsuo Y, Yanagisawa A, Yamashita Y (2013) A global energy outlook to 2035 with strategic considerations for Asia and Middle East energy supply and demand interdependencies. Energy Strat Rev 1:79–91
Maurya DP, Singla A, Negi S (2015) An overview of key pretreatment processes for biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol. 3 Biotech 5:597–609
Miura Y (1995) Hydrogen production by biophotolysis based on microalgal photosynthesis. Process Biochem 30(1):1–7
Mohan D, Pittman CU Jr, Steele PH (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuels 20(3):848–889
Mohapatra S (2012) Hydrogen production technologies with specific reference to biomass. Int J Renew Energy Res 2(3):416–420
Morais AR, da Costa Lopes AM, Bogel-Łukasik R (2015) Carbon dioxide in biomass processing: contributions to the green biorefinery concept. Chem Rev 115(1):3–27
Motghare KA, Rathod AP, Wasewar KL et al (2016) Comparative study of different waste biomass for energy application. Waste Manag 47:40–45
Munawar MA, Khoja AH, Naqvi SR et al (2021) Challenges and opportunities in biomass ash management and its utilization in novel applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 150:111451
Nair RB, Lundin M, Brandberg T et al (2015) Dilute phosphoric acid pretreatment of wheat bran for enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent ethanol production by edible fungi Neurospora intermedia. Ind Crop Prod 69:314–323
Nandhini R, Berslin D, Sivaprakash B et al (2022) Thermochemical conversion of municipal solid waste into energy and hydrogen: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20(3):1645–1669
Neumann J, Binder S, Apfelbacher A et al (2015) Production and characterization of a new quality pyrolysis oil, char and syngas from digestate—introducing the thermo-catalytic reforming process. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 113:137–142
Nhuchhen DR, Afzal MT (2017) HHV predicting correlations for torrefied biomass using proximate and ultimate analyses. Bioengineering 4(1):7
Nhuchhen DR, Salam PA (2012) Estimation of higher heating value of biomass from proximate analysis: a new approach. Fuel 99:55–63
Oasmaa A, Meier D (2005) Norms and standards for fast pyrolysis liquids: 1. Round robin test. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 73(2):323–334
OECD (2004) The OECD principles of corporate governance. Contaduría y Administración, p 216
Ozturk HH, Bascetincelik A (2006) Energy exploitation of agricultural biomass potential in Turkey. Energy Explor Exploit 24(4):313–330
Özyuğuran A, Yaman S, Küçükbayrak S (2018) Prediction of calorific value of biomass based on elemental analysis. Int Adv Res Eng J 2(3):254–260
Pahla G, Mamvura TA, Ntuli F et al (2017) Energy densification of animal waste lignocellulose biomass and raw biomass. S Afr J Chem Eng 24(1):168–175
Pande H, Kumar B, Varshney VK (2017) Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of biomass residue (leaves) generated from Bambusatulda plantations. Waste Biomass Valoriz 8:349–2362
Patel M, Zhang X, Kumar A (2016) Techno-economic and life cycle assessment on lignocellulosic biomass thermochemical conversion technologies: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 53:1486–1499
Pattiya A (2018) Fast pyrolysis. In: Direct thermochemical liquefaction for energy applications. Woodhead Publishing, pp 3–28
Quesada J, Rubio M, Gómez D (1999) Ozonation of lignin rich solid fractions from corn stalks. J Wood Chem Technol 19(1–2):115–113
Rabaçal M, Ferreira AF, Silva CA, Costa M (2017) Targeting energy, high value products and waste valorisation. In: Biorefineries. Springer International Publishing, New York
Rabemanolontsoa H, Saka S (2013) Comparative study on chemical composition of various biomass species. RSC Adv 3(12):3946–3956
Rabemanolontsoa H, Saka S (2016) Various pretreatments of lignocellulosics. Bioresour Technol 199:83–91
Radlein D, Quignard A (2013) A short historical review of fast pyrolysis of biomass. Oil Gas Sci Technol (Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles) 68(4):765–783
Rajendran K, Drielak E, Sudarshan Varma V et al (2018) Updates on the pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks for bioenergy production—a review. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 8:471–483
Ramesh M, Abinaya S, Khan A (2021) Current and future trends in food waste valorization for the production of chemicals, materials, and fuels by advanced technology to convert food wastes into fuels and chemicals. In: Advanced technology for the conversion of waste into fuels and chemicals. Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing, Amsterdam, pp 135–147
Rather MAH, Srivastav AK (2021) A study on biohydrogen production based on biophotolysis from cyanobacteria. Ann Romanian Soc Cell Biol 25(6):12500–12509
Ravindran R, Jaiswal AK (2016) A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: challenges and opportunities. Bioresour Technol 199:92–102
Rostagno MA, Prado JM, Mudhoo A et al (2015) Subcritical and supercritical technology for the production of second-generation bioethanol. Crit Rev Biotechnol 35(3):302–312
Ryu J, Suh YW, Suh DJ et al (2010) Hydrothermal preparation of carbon microspheres from mono-saccharides and phenolic compounds. Carbon 48:1990–1998
Safarian S, Richter C, Unnthorsson R (2019) Waste biomass gasification simulation using aspen plus: performance evaluation of wood chips, sawdust and mixed paper wastes. J Power Energy Eng 7:12–30
Sánchez J, Curt MD, Robert N et al (2019) Biomass resources. In: The role of bioenergy in the bioeconomy. Academic Press, pp 25–111
Seifert K, Zagrodnik R, Stodolny M et al (2018) Biohydrogen production from chewing gum manufacturing residue in a two-step process of dark fermentation and photofermentation. Renew Energy 122:526–553
Sekar M, Mathimani T, Alagumalai A, Chi NTL, Duc PA, Bhatia SK, Brindhadevi K, Pugazhendhi A (2021) A review on the pyrolysis of algal biomass for biochar and bio-oil–Bottlenecks and scope. Fuel 283:119190
Serna LD, Alzate CO, Alzate CC (2016) Supercritical fluids as a green technology for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 199:13–120
Sharma S, Meena R, Sharma A et al (2014) Biomass conversion technologies for renewable energy and fuels: a review note. IOSR J Mech Civil Eng 11(2):28–35
Shaw RW (1991) Supercritical water a medium for chemistry. Chem Eng News 69:26–39
Shen J, Zhu S, Liu X et al (2010) The prediction of elemental composition of biomass based on proximate analysis. Energy Convers Manag 51(5):983–987
Shirkavand E, Baroutian S, Gapes DJ et al (2016) Combination of fungal and physicochemical processes for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:217–234
Sindhu R, Binod P, Pandey A (2016) Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass—an overview. Bioresour Technol 199:76–82
Singh V, Das D (2019) Potential of hydrogen production from biomass. In: Science and engineering of hydrogen-based energy technologies, 1st edn. Elsevier, pp 123–164
Singh R, Prakash A, Balagurumurthy B et al (2015) Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. In: Recent advances in thermo-chemical conversion of biomass. Elsevier, pp 269–291
Singh YD, Mahanta P, Bora U (2017) Comprehensive characterization of lignocellulosic biomass through proximate, ultimate and compositional analysis for bioenergy production. Renew Energy 103:490–500
Singh H, Tomar S, Qureshi KA et al (2022) Recent advances in biomass pretreatment technologies for biohydrogen production. Energies 15(3):999
Sipilä K, Kuoppala E, Fagernäs L et al (1998) Characterization of biomass-based flash pyrolysis oils. Biomass Bioenergy 14(2):103–113
Sircar S (2002) Pressure swing adsorption. Ind Eng Chem Res 41:1389–1392
Sivaramakrishnan R, Shanmugam S, Sekar M et al (2021) Insights on biological hydrogen production routes and potential microorganisms for high hydrogen yield. Fuel 291:120136
Sohi S, Lopez-Capel E, Krull E et al (2009) Biochar, climate change and soil: a review to guide future research. CSIRO Land Water Sci Rep 5(9):17–31
Stępień P, Pulka J, Białowiec A (2017) Organic waste torrefaction—a review: reactor systems, and the biochar properties. In: Pyrolysis. IntechOpen, p 37
Sulaiman O, Salim N, Hashim R et al (2009) Evaluation on the suitability of some adhesives for laminated veneer lumber from oil palm trunks. Mater Des 30:3572–3580
Sun S, Sun S, Cao X et al (2016) The role of pretreatment in improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Bioresour Technol 199:9–58
Swatloski RP, Spear SK, Holbrey JD et al (2002) Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 124(18):4974–4975
Szymona K, Borysiuk P, San H’ng P et al (2014) Valorization of waste oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) biomass through furfurylation. Mater Des 53:425–429
Tabassum MR, Xia A, Murphy JD (2017) Potential of seaweed as a feedstock for renewable gaseous fuel production in Ireland. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 68:136–146
Teh JS, Teoh YH, Idroas MY et al (2022) Estimation of higher heating value of biomass from proximate and ultimate analysis: a novel approach. J Adv Res Fluid Mech Thermal Sci 94(2):99–109
Tursi A (2019) A review on biomass: importance, chemistry, classification, and conversion. Biofuel Res J 6(2):962–979
Uzun H, Yıldız Z, Goldfarb JL et al (2017) Improved prediction of higher heating value of biomass using an artificial neural network model based on proximate analysis. Bioresour Technol 234:122–130
Vassilev SV, Baxter D, Andersen LK et al (2010) An overview of the chemical composition of biomass. Fuel 89(5):913–933
Vassilev SV, Vassileva CG, Vassilev VS (2015) Advantages and disadvantages of composition and properties of biomass in comparison with coal: an overview. Fuel 158:330–350
Vivekanand V, Olsen EF, Eijsink VG et al (2013) Effect of different steam explosion conditions on methane potential and enzymatic saccharification of birch. Bioresour Technol 127:343–349
Voloshin RA, Rodionova MV, Zharmukhamedov SK et al (2016) Biofuel production from plant and algal biomass. Int J Hydrog Energy 41(39):17257–17273
Wagner AO, Lackner N, Mutschlechner M et al (2018) Biological pretreatment strategies for second-generation lignocellulosic resources to enhance biogas production. Energies 11:1797
Walsh ME (1995) United States country report for IEA integrated bioenergy systems activity. In: Conference: International Energy Agency (IEA) integrated bioenergy systems meeting, Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States), 18–22 Sept 1995
Waribam P, Ngo SD, Tran TTV et al (2020) Waste biomass valorization through production of xylose-based porous carbon microspheres for supercapacitor applications. Waste Manag 105:492–500
Wei Y, Lei H, Wang L et al (2014) Liquid–liquid extraction of biomass pyrolysis bio-oil. Energy Fuels 28(2):1207–1212
Weisz PB, Haag WO, Rodewald PG (1979) Catalytic production of high-grade fuel (gasoline) from biomass compounds by shape-selective catalysis. Science 206(4414):57–58
Xu C, Ferdosian F (2017) Conversion of lignin into bio-based chemicals and materials. Springer, New York, pp 91–109
Xu C, Lad N (2008) Production of heavy oils with high caloric values by direct liquefaction of woody biomass in sub/near-critical water. Energy Fuel 22(1):635–642
Yin CY (2011) Prediction of higher heating values of biomass from proximate and ultimate analyses. Fuel 90(3):1128–1132
Yin Y, Hu J, Wang J (2014) Enriching hydrogen-producing bacteria from digested sludge by different pretreatment methods. Int J Hydrog Energy 39(25):3550–13556
Yoo CG, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ (2017) Ionic liquids: promising green solvents for lignocellulosic biomass utilization. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 5:5–11
Zaman CZ, Pal K, Yehye WA et al (2017) Pyrolysis: a sustainable way to generate energy from waste, vol 1. IntechOpen, Rijeka, p 316806
Zamani A (2015) Introduction to lignocellulose-based products. In: Karimi K (ed) Lignocellulose-based bioproducts, Biofuel and biorefinery technologies, vol 1. Springer, Cham, pp 1–36
Zhang B, Zhang LL, Zhang SC et al (2005) The influence of pH on hydrolysis and acidogenesis of kitchen wastes in two-phase anaerobic digestion. Environ Technol 26:329–339
Zhang K, Pei Z, Wang D (2016) Organic solvent pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and biochemicals: a review. Bioresour Technol 199:21–33
Zhang Y, Chen P, Liu S et al (2017) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil production. IntechOpen, London, pp 129–166
Zhou CH, Xia X, Lin CX et al (2011) Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fine chemicals and fuels. Chem Soc Rev 40:5588–5617
Zhou S, Raouche S, Grisel S et al (2017) Efficient biomass pretreatment using the white-rot fungus Polyporus Brumalis. Fungal Genomics Biol 7(1):1–6
Zhuang X, Wang W et al (2016) Liquid hot water pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production accompanying with high valuable products. Bioresour Technol 199:68–75
Zu S, Li WZ, Zhang M et al (2014) Pretreatment of corn stover for sugar production using dilute hydrochloric acid followed by lime. Bioresour Technol 152:364–370
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Santhakumari, M.B., Pandi, E., Mohan, M., Daniel, A.R., Balakrishnan, V. (2024). Biomass: Resources and Sustainable Utilization. In: Garg, V.K., Kataria, N. (eds) Bioeconomy for Sustainability . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1837-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1837-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-97-1836-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-97-1837-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)