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Conclusion: Japan, Global Health Actors, and the Global Health Architecture

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Japan and Global Health
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Abstract

Even in the anarchic nature of global politics, “global health governance” has existed, and “global health actors” have been committed to the function of the global health governance over decades. The key global health actors can be regarded as components of “global health architecture” in the global health system. This chapter sheds light on Japan and the global health architecture in reference to “special drawing rights” (SDRs) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as an example of one of the significant actors of the global health architecture in the post-COVID-19 pandemic world. Finally, this concluding chapter summarizes the key arguments and findings of previous chapters by reconfirming Japan’s contributions to global health security and the implications for enhancing the global health architecture.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bull, Hedley. 1977. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. London: Macmillan.

  2. 2.

    McInnes, Colin and Kelly Lee. 2012. Global Health and International Relations. Cambridge: Polity Press, p. 101.

  3. 3.

    Shiroyama, Hideaki, ed. 2020. Global Health Governance. Tokyo: Toshindo Publishing.

  4. 4.

    Bloom, David E. 2014. “The Shape of Global Health”. IMF Finance and Development. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/12/pdf/bloom.pdf.

  5. 5.

    The chapter is partly based on my earlier research on Japan and IMF’s SDRs. See, Akimoto, Daisuke. December 2, 2021. “Japan’s Response to IMF’s Special Drawing Rights in the COVID-19 Pandemic”. ISDP Voices. https://www.isdp.eu/japans-response-to-imfs-special-drawing-rights-in-the-covid-19-pandemic/.

  6. 6.

    Heath, Michael. August 23, 2021. “IMF Urges $650b SDR Injection Be Directed to Covid’s Hardest Hit”. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-23/imf-urges-650b-sdr-injection-be-directed-to-covid-s-hardest-hit.

  7. 7.

    Ibid.

  8. 8.

    Jones, Marc. April 7, 2009. “ECB’s Stark Raps Move to Boost IMF Drawing Rights”. Reuters. https://jp.reuters.com/article/uk-ecb-stark-sb/ecbs-stark-raps-move-to-boost-imf-drawing-rights-idUKTRE5362AQ20090407/.

  9. 9.

    Economic Times. April 12, 2020. “ET Explains: What Is Helicopter Money and Why Is It in News?” https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/what-is-helicopter-money-and-why-is-it-in-news/articleshow/75106564.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.

  10. 10.

    Martin, Eric. August 19, 2021. “IMF Curbs Afghanistan’s Funding Access, Squeezing Taliban”. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-18/imf-says-afghanistan-can-t-access-sdrs-or-fund-s-resources.

  11. 11.

    ABC News. November 9, 2021. “Afghanistan Children Suffer with Malnutrition as Unpaid Doctors and Taliban Bosses Clash in Hospitals”. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-09/afghanistan-children-suffer-in-hospital-unpaid-doctors-taliban/100606902.

  12. 12.

    Keath, Lee. November 9, 2021. “Emaciated Children in Kabul Hospital Underscore Rising Hunger in Afghanistan”. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/emaciated-children-in-kabul-hospital-underscore-rising-hunger-in-afghanistan/.

  13. 13.

    Goodman, Matthew P., Ye Yuand Daniel Remler. September 22, 2017. “Parallel Perspectives on the Global Economic Order”. CSIS Report. https://www.csis.org/analysis/parallel-perspectives-global-economic-order.

  14. 14.

    Kajimoto, Tetsushi. April 6, 2021. “Japan Backs New IMF Allocation, U.S. Calls for Minimum Corp Tax”. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-g20-debt-japan-idUSKBN2BT08I/.

  15. 15.

    Ministry of Finance. October 14, 2021. “Statement by the Honorable SUZUKI Shunichi Governor of the IMF for Japan at the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the International Monetary and Financial Committee”. https://www.mof.go.jp/english/policy/international_policy/imf/imfc/imfc_20211014_2.pdf.

  16. 16.

    Andrews, David and Mark Plant. October 12, 2021. “Rechanneling SDRs to MDBs: Urgent Action Is Needed to Jumpstart the Green Equitable Transition”. Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/rechanneling-sdrs-mdbs-urgent-action-needed-jumpstart-green-equitable-transition.

  17. 17.

    World Bank. September 17, 2020. “The World Bank in Japan”. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/japan/overview#1.

  18. 18.

    McInnes, Colin, Kelley Lee, and Jeremy Youde, eds. 2020. The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  19. 19.

    Soucat, Agnès and Richard Gregory. 2022. “Understanding the Global Health Architecture”. In Siddiqi, Sameen, Awad Mataria, Katherine D. Rouleau, and Meesha Iqbal, eds. 2022. Making Health Systems Work in Low and Middle Income Countries: Textbook for Public Health Practitioners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 545–562.

  20. 20.

    Gostin, Lawrence O., Eric A. Friedman, and Alexandra Finch. August 4, 2023. “The Global Health Architecture: Governance and International Institutions to Advance Population Health Worldwide”. Milbank Quarterly. Vol. 101. No. S1: Special Centennial Issue: The Future of Population Health: Challenges & Opportunities, pp. 734–769. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4434217.

  21. 21.

    Sakamoto, Haruka, Satoshi Ezoe, Kotono Hara, Yui Sekitani, Keishi Abe, Haruhiko Inada, Takuma Kato, Kenichi Komada, Masami Miyakawa, Eiji Hinoshita, Hiroyuki Yamaya, Naoko Yamamoto, Sarah Krull Abe, and Kenji Shibuya. 2018. “Japan’s Contribution to Making Global Health Architecture a Top Political Agenda by Leveraging the G7 Presidency”. Journal of Global Health. Vol. 8, No. 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269922/.

  22. 22.

    Takuma, Kayo. September 30, 2020. “Japan Leading Global Health Governance”. East Asia Forum. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/09/30/japan-leading-global-health-governance/.

  23. 23.

    MUFJ Research and Consulting. 2023. “Center on Global Health Architecture”. https://www.globalhealth.murc.jp/globalhealth/architecture/index.html.

  24. 24.

    World Health Organization (WHO). May 23, 2022. “Strengthening the Global Architecture for Health Emergency Preparedness, Response and Resilience”. https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA75/A75_20-en.pdf.

  25. 25.

    National Diet Library. March 23, 2016. “Proceedings of the 190th Diet Session. Committee on Health, Labour and Welfare, the House of Councillors”. https://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/txt/119014260X00820160323/23, https://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/txt/119014260X00820160323/24.

  26. 26.

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. May 26–27, 2016. “G7 Ise-Shima Leaders’ Declaration G7 Ise-Shima Summit, 26–27 May 2016”. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000160266.pdf.

  27. 27.

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. May 20, 2023. “G7 Hiroshima Leaders’ Communiqué”, p. 22. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506907.pdf.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Ibid., p. 23.

  30. 30.

    Morrison, J. Stephen. August 31, 2023. “Dr. Scott Dowell, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: ‘I Am Optimistic’”. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/podcasts/commonhealth/dr-scott-dowell-bill-melinda-gates-foundation-i-am-optimistic.

  31. 31.

    Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. May 24, 2022. “Global Health Strategy of Japan”, pp. 4 and 8. https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kenkouiryou/en/pdf/final_GHS.pdf.

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Correspondence to Daisuke Akimoto .

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Akimoto, D. (2024). Conclusion: Japan, Global Health Actors, and the Global Health Architecture. In: Japan and Global Health. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0972-4_12

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