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Modelling of Engine Emissions and After-Treatment Systems

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Modelling Spark Ignition Combustion

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

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Abstract

Higher levels of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel-based internal combustion engines have raised environmental concerns and it has resulted in stringent emission regulations. Recent emission norms have made it a mandatory requirement to adopt after-treatment emission control systems for controlling and reducing emission levels to meet the required emission standards. This chapter will discuss the recent research efforts in modelling engine emissions, and after-treatment systems like oxidation catalyst filters, particulate filters, and selective catalytic reduction systems. Detailed discussions on the mechanisms for soot emission modelling and NOx formation are covered in this chapter. Literature studies on one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional modelling of filters and catalysts coupled with CFD studies for application in three-way catalytic filters, NOx reduction catalysts, electrically heated catalysts, and particulate filters (soot accumulation and regeneration) are also discussed. Future directions for modelling advanced after-treatment systems to reduce regulated and unregulated emissions are also explored.

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Abbreviations

A/F:

Air fuel ratio

ATDC:

After Top Dead Center

CAD:

Crank Angle Degree

CFD:

Computational Fluid Dynamics

CGPF:

Catalysed Gasoline Particulate Filter

CO:

Carbon monoxide

DOC:

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

DPF:

Diesel Particulate Filter

EGR:

Exhaust Gas Recirculation

GDI:

Gasoline Direct Injection

GPF:

Gasoline Particulate Filter

HC:

Hydrocarbon

IMEP:

Indicated Mean Effective Pressure

NEDC:

New European Driving Cycle

PEMS:

Portable Emission Measurement System

PFI:

Port Fuel Injection

SCR:

Selective Catalytic Reduction

SCRF:

Selective Catalytic Reduction Filter (integrated DPF–SCR)

\({\varepsilon }_{{\text{w}}}\):

effective porosity

\(\Phi\):

fuel–air equivalence ratio

ρsoot:

density of soot

dsoot:

Diameter of soot

\(\Delta {p}_{\mathrm{inlet and outlet cone}}\):

pressure drop caused by cone geometry at the inlet and outlet cone

ΔΘ:

valve overlap

\({a}_{{\text{s}}}\):

geometric surface area per reactor volume

B:

engine bore

C:

dimensionless constant

Ce:

exhaust-specific heat capacity

Cgi:

concentrations of the species i in the gas phase

Csi:

concentrations of the species i in the solid phase

cpsi:

cells per square inch

dplug:

spark plug distance from the cylinder axis

Esf:

activation energies of soot formation

Esc:

activation energies of soot oxidation

f1:

the fraction of unburned gas in the crevice which is a fuel–air mixture

f2:

the fraction of fuel–air mixture which is fuel vapour

funb:

the fraction of unburned mixture in crevice gas based on spark plug location

\({H}_{{\text{CO}}}\):

heat of reaction for CO oxidation

\({k}_{m,j}\):

diffusion mass transfer coefficient

Mc:

molecular weight

mf:

mass of fuel consumed per cylinder per cycle

N:

Engine speed

\({N}_{{R}_{i}}\):

the ratio of particle diameter and collector unit diameter

Pmax:

maximum in-cylinder pressure

Qe:

flow rate

rc:

compression ratio

\({R}_{{\text{CO}}}\):

specific rate of CO oxidation

Tcool:

coolant temperature

Ts:

surface temperature

TS0:

initial surface temperature

Tg:

bulk gas temperature

v:

bulk gas velocity

Vcrevice:

crevice volume

Vd:

displaced volume

w:

the thickness of the particulate layer

wal,:

The thickness of the ash layer

wwl:

the thickness of the washcoat layer.

xr:

residual gas fraction

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India

    Caneon Kurien & Mayank Mittal

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    P. A. Lakshminarayanan

  2. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

  3. Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China

    Haiwen Ge

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, I I T - Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    J. M. Mallikarjuna

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Kurien, C., Mittal, M. (2024). Modelling of Engine Emissions and After-Treatment Systems. In: Lakshminarayanan, P.A., Agarwal, A.K., Ge, H., Mallikarjuna, J.M. (eds) Modelling Spark Ignition Combustion. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0629-7_15

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