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Bioengineering of Cannabis Plants from Lab to the Field: Challenges and Opportunities

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Applications of Plant Molecular Farming

Part of the book series: Concepts and Strategies in Plant Sciences ((CSPS))

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Abstract

In recent years, there have been significant growth and interest in cannabinoid-based drugs for a wide range of medical conditions, some of which are neurogenic diseases, pain control, and seizures. As there is an increased demand for cannabinoid-based drugs, it is necessary to adapt biotechnological techniques to develop new traits for the sophisticated and selective breeding of Cannabis plants aimed for cannabinoid production.

Despite Biotech companies aspiring to replace cannabis plants with heterologous hosts, genome editing for precision cannabis breeding is yet to be embraced. The availability of genome-editing technologies might herald a new dawn in breeding yielding new varieties with improved profiles of bioactive cannabinoids and terpenes. In this review, we highlight novel breeding approaches such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), mutation breeding, micropropagation, transgenic breeding, and CRISPR/Cas-based editing techniques aimed for enhanced cannabinoid production.

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Abbreviations

∆9-THC:

Delta-8–tetrahydrocannabinol

13C:

Carbon isotope 13

5-HT1A:

Serotonin 1A receptor

AFLP:

Amplified Fragment Length polymorphism

AMG:

German drug law

AOK:

Techniker Krankenkasse

APIs:

Active pharmaceutical ingredients

BfArM:

Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices

BtMG:

German narcotics law

CAGR:

Compound annual growth rate

Cas:

CRISPR-associated protein

CB1:

Cannabinoid receptor 1

CBC:

Cannabichromene

CBCA:

Cannabichromenic acid

CBCAS:

CBCA synthase

CBD:

Cannabidiol

CBDA:

Cannabidiolic acid

CBDAS:

CBDA synthase

CBE:

Cannabielsoin

CBG:

Cannabigerol

CBGA:

Cannabigerolic acid

CBGAS:

CBGA synthase

CBL:

Cannabicyclol

CBN:

Cannabinol

CBT:

Cannabitriol

CNS:

Central nervous system

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

CsPDS1:

Phytoene desaturase gene

DAB:

Deutsche Arzneibuch

DKW:

Driver-Kuniyuki walnut medium

DOXP:

Deoxyxylulose phosphate

EST:

Expressed sequence tag

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

GACP:

Good Agricultural and Collection Practices

GE.:

Genetic engineering

GKV:

The German statutory health insurance funds

GMO:

Genetically modified organism

GMP:

Good Manufacturing Practices

GUS:

Beta-glucuronidase gene

MAS:

Marker-assisted selection

MDK:

Medical service of health insurance funds

MEP:

Methyl-erythritol phosphate

MS:

Murashige and Skoog medium

mT:

Meta-topolin

NCBI:

National Center for Biotechnology Information

OA:

Olivetolic acid

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PGIP:

Polygalacturonase inhibitor proteins

PGR:

Plant growth-regulator

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ

QTL:

Quantitative trait locus

QTLs:

Quantitative trait loci

RAPD:

Random amplified polymorphic DNA

RFLP:

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

SGB:

German Social Code

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SSR:

Simple sequence repeat

STS:

Sequence tagged site

SV:

Structural variation

TB:

Transgenic breeding

T-DNA:

Transfer DNA

TDZ:

Thidiazuron

THC:

Delta-9–-tetrahydrocannabinol

THCA:

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid

THCAS:

THCA synthase

THCP:

Tetrahydrocannabiphorol

THCPA:

Tetrahydrocannabiphorolic acid

THCV:

Tetrahydrocannabivarin

THCVA:

Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid

TOI:

Trait of interest

TRPV1:

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1

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Acknowledgments

We thank Anurag Chaurasia, the Editor (Plant Sciences, Springer Nature), for editorial assistance.

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. JUWEL BioPharma UG, Memmingen, Germany

    Farag Sayed

  2. Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ)—Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany

    Wolfgang Eisenreich

Authors
  1. Farag Sayed
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  2. Wolfgang Eisenreich
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Farag Sayed or Wolfgang Eisenreich .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chairman, Prof. Chittaranjan Kole Foundation for Science and Society, Kolkata, India

    Chittaranjan Kole

  2. ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, India

    Anurag Chaurasia

  3. Dept of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, NY, USA

    Kathleen L. Hefferon

  4. Professor & Head, Department of Biotechnology, Coordinator, Centre of Excellence on Bioprospecting of Ethnopharmaceuticals of Southern Odisha (CoEBESO),, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India

    Jogeswar Panigrahi

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Sayed, F., Eisenreich, W. (2024). Bioengineering of Cannabis Plants from Lab to the Field: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Kole, C., Chaurasia, A., Hefferon, K.L., Panigrahi, J. (eds) Applications of Plant Molecular Farming. Concepts and Strategies in Plant Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0176-6_24

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