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Sector-Wise Assessment of Carbon Footprint Across Major Cities in India

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Book cover Assessment of Carbon Footprint in Different Industrial Sectors, Volume 2

Part of the book series: EcoProduction ((ECOPROD))

Abstract

The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased rapidly due to anthropogenic activities, resulting in a significant increase of the earth’s temperature and causing global warming. These effects are quantified using an indicator such as global warming potential, expressed in units of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq), to indicate the carbon footprint of a region. Carbon footprint is thus a measure of the impact of human activities on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced. This chapter focuses on calculating the amount of three important greenhouses gases—carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)—and thereby determining the carbon footprint of the major cities in India. National greenhouse gas inventories are used for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions. Country-specific emission factors are used where all the emission factors are available. Default emission factors from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines are used when there are no country-specific emission factors. Emission of each greenhouse gas is estimated by multiplying fuel consumption by the corresponding emission factor. To calculate total emissions of a gas from all its source categories, emissions are summed over all source categories. The current study estimates greenhouse gas emissions (in terms of CO2 equivalent) in major Indian cities and explores the linkages with the population and gross domestic product (GDP). Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Greater Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad were found to be 38633.2, 22783.08, 14812.10, 22090.55, 19796.5, 13734.59, and 9124.45 Gg CO2eq, respectively. The major sector-wise contributors to the total emissions in Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Greater Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad are the transportation sector (32, 17.4, 13.3, 19.5, 43.5, 56.86 and 25 %, respectively), the domestic sector (30.26, 37.2, 42.78, 39, 21.6, 17.05 and 27.9 %, respectively), and the industrial sector (7.9, 7.9, 17.66, 20.25, 12.31, 11.38 and 22.41 %, respectively). Chennai emits 4.79 tons of CO2 equivalent emissions per capita, the highest among all the cities, followed by Kolkata, which emits 3.29 tons of CO2 equivalent emissions per capita. Chennai also emits the highest CO2 equivalent emissions per GDP (2.55 tons CO2 eq/lakh Rs.), followed by Greater Bangalore, which emits 2.18 tons CO2 eq/lakh Rs.

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Acknowledgement

We are grateful to the NRDMS Division, The Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India; The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell, Indian Institute of Science for the financial and infrastructure support. Remote-sensing data were downloaded from public domain (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data). The latest data of IRS 1D were procured from the National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy and Wetlands Research Group, CES TE15, Center for Ecological Sciences (CES), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560019, India

    T. V. Ramachandra, K. Sreejith & H. A. Bharath

  2. Centre for Sustainable Technologies (astra), Bangalore, India

    T. V. Ramachandra

  3. Centre for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning (CiSTUP), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India

    T. V. Ramachandra

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  1. T. V. Ramachandra
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  3. H. A. Bharath
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  1. Eco-design Consultant, Global Sustainability Services, SGS Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

    Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu

Annexure

Annexure

Carbon footprint of Delhi

Sector

CO2 emissions (Gg)

CH4 emissions (Gg)

N2O emissions (Gg)

CO2 equivalent (Gg)

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

1. Electricity consumption

 

Nondomestic

5402.6

0.079

0.081

5428.6

Railway traction and Delhi metro rail corporation

456.31

0.007

0.007

458.51

Othersa

1553.8

0.023

0.023

1561.3

1(a) Auxiliary consumption and supply losses

853.55

0.011

0.013

857.69

2. Road transportation

 

Vehicles using fuels other than CNG

10405

12.77

0.479

10868

CNG vehicles

1371.4

2.99

0.272

1527

3. Domestic sector

11639

0.353

0.144

11690

4. Industrial sector

3034.7

0.044

0.045

3049.3

5. Agriculture

 

Paddy cultivation

_

0.682

_

17.05

Soils

_

_

0.833

248.26

Burning of crop residue

_

0.079

0.002

2.68

Electricity

78.92

0.001

0.001

79.3

6. Livestock management

 

Enteric fermentation

_

22.82

_

570.57

Manure management

_

1.72

0.0002

43.09

7. Waste

 

Municipal solid waste

_

34.13

_

853.19

Domestic waste water

_

46.07

0.761

1378.8

Total

34795

121.79

2.66

38633

  1. Note aOthers include electricity consumption in worship/hospital, staff, Delhi International Airport Limited, Delhi Jal Board

Carbon footprint of greater Mumbai

Sector

CO2 emissions (Gg)

CH4 emissions (Gg)

N2O emissions (Gg)

CO2 equivalent (Gg)

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

1. Electricity consumption

 

Commercial sector

4031.80

0.071

0.055

4049.85

Othersa

1285.73

0.023

0.017

1291.49

1(a) Auxiliary consumption and supply losses

1242.14

0.024

0.016

1247.54

1(b) Fugitive emissions

 

Refinery crude throughput

_

0.0013

_

0.033

2.a. Road transportation

 

Vehicles using fuels other than CNG

3174.58

3.85

0.168

3320.66

CNG vehicles

471.18

1.12

0.108

531.34

2.b. Navigation

113.03

0.010

0.003

114.18

3. Domestic sector

8444.48

0.396

0.067

8474.32

4. Industrial sector

 

Ammonia production

654.50

_

_

654.50

Glass industry

21.09

0.001

0.0002

21.16

Electricity consumption

1118.04

0.020

0.0151

1123.04

5. Agriculture

 

Soils

_

_

0.023

6.95

6. Livestock management

 

Enteric fermentation

_

0.746

_

18.66

Manure management

_

0.055

0.000006

1.38

7. Waste

 

Municipal solid waste

_

34.80

_

869.92

Domestic waste water

_

35.36

0.584

1058.09

Total

20556.56

76.47

1.06

22783.08

  1. Note aOthers include electricity consumption in advertisements, railways, street light, religious, crematorium and burial grounds

Carbon footprint of Kolkata

Sector

CO2 emissions (Gg)

CH4 emissions (Gg)

N2O emissions (Gg)

CO2 equivalent (Gg)

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

1. Electricity consumption

 

Commercial sector

1737.79

0.018

0.027

1746.34

Metro and tramways

104.01

0.001

0.002

104.52

Othersa

669.64

0.007

0.010

672.93

1(a) Auxiliary consumption and supply losses

268.11

0.003

0.004

269.43

2. Road transportation

1773.78

1.41

0.260

1886.60

3. Navigation

82.22

0.008

0.002

83.06

3(a) Domestic sector

6312.22

0.239

0.064

6337.11

4. Industrial sector

2603.03

0.027

0.002

2615.84

5. Agriculture

 

Soils

_

_

0.035

10.54

6. Livestock management

 

Enteric fermentation

_

0.788

_

19.70

Manure management

_

0.073

0.000004

1.83

7. Waste

 

Municipal solid waste

_

21.41

_

535.33

Domestic waste water

_

12.87

0.213

385.03

Industrial waste water

_

5.75

_

143.84

Total

13550.80

42.61

0.619

14812.10

  1. Note aOthers include electricity consumption in educational institutions, hospitals, municipality, public water works and sewerage systems, pumping stations, street lighting, public utilities, sports complex and construction power

Carbon footprint of Chennai

Sector

CO2 emissions (Gg)

CH4 emissions (Gg)

N2O emissions (Gg)

CO2 equivalent (Gg)

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

1. Electricity consumption

 

Commercial sector

2845.19

0.033

0.044

2859.07

Othersa

621.15

0.007

0.010

624.18

1(a) Auxiliary consumption and Supply losses

373.78

0.004

0.006

375.61

2. Road transportation

3965.11

6.32

0.192

4180.28

3. Navigation

126.09

0.012

0.003

127.37

3(a) Domestic sector

8584.11

0.343

0.083

8617.29

4. Industrial sector

4452.26

0.059

0.062

4472.35

5. Agriculture

 

Soils

_

_

0.013

3.73

6. Livestock management

 

Enteric fermentation

_

0.304

_

7.61

Manure management

_

0.022

0.000002

0.55

7. Waste

 

Municipal solid waste

_

17.13

_

428.27

Domestic waste water

_

13.17

0.218

394.24

Total

20967.69

37.41

0.629

22090.55

  1. Note aothers include electricity consumption in public lighting and water supply, advertisements, religious, and railway traction

Carbon footprint of greater Bangalore

Sector

CO2 emissions (Gg)

CH4 emissions (Gg)

N2O emissions (Gg)

CO2 equivalent (Gg)

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

1. Electricity consumption

 

Commercial sector

2444.92

0.029

0.037

2456.80

Othersa

600.54

0.007

0.009

603.46

1(a) Auxiliary consumption and Supply losses

24.76

0.001

0.0002

24.85

2. Road transportation

8288.55

7.65

0.430

8608.00

3. Domestic sector

4256.22

0.170

0.045

4273.81

4. Industrial sector

2425.28

0.029

0.037

2437.03

5. Agriculture

 

Paddy cultivation

_

0.204

_

5.10

Soils

_

_

0.382

113.86

6. Livestock management

 

Enteric fermentation

_

5.17

_

129.36

Manure management

_

0.411

0.000047

10.30

7. Waste

 

Municipal solid waste

_

14.99

_

374.73

Domestic waste water

_

25.37

0.419

759.29

Total

18040.29

54.04

1.36

19796.60

  1. Note aOthers include electricity consumption in irrigation and agriculture, street lighting, water works, and Railways

Carbon footprint of Hyderabad

Sector

CO2 emissions (Gg)

CH4 emissions (Gg)

N2O emissions (Gg)

CO2 equivalent (Gg)

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

1. Electricity consumption

 

Commercial sector

866.23

0.013

0.013

870.40

Othersa

164.95

0.002

0.002

165.74

2. Road Transportation

 

Vehicles using fuels other than CNG

7488.51

6.60

0.452

7788.02

CNG vehicles

18.64

0.066

0.004

21.55

3. Domestic sector

2331.35

0.055

0.030

2341.81

4. Industrial sector

1555.82

0.024

0.023

1563.14

5. Agriculture

 

Soils

_

_

0.062

18.48

6. Livestock management

 

Enteric fermentation

_

1.68

_

41.98

Manure management

_

0.122

0.00001

3.05

7. Waste

 

Municipal solid waste

_

16.27

_

406.85

Domestic waste water

_

17.16

0.284

513.56

Total

12425.50

41.99

0.870

13734.59

  1. Note aOthers include electricity consumption in public lighting, general purpose, temporary and colony lighting

Carbon footprint of Ahmedabad

Sector

CO2 emissions (Gg)

CH4 emissions (Gg)

N2O emissions (Gg)

CO2 equivalent (Gg)

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

2009–2010

1. Electricity consumption

 

Commercial sector

884.52

0.015

0.013

888.73

Othersa

187.20

0.003

0.003

188.09

1(a) Auxiliary consumption

390.93

0.004

0.006

392.85

2. Road Transportation

2151.93

3.46

0.118

2273.72

3. Domestic sector

2532.60

0.059

0.033

2544.03

4. Industrial sector

2034.67

0.034

0.030

2044.35

5. Agriculture

 

Soils

_

_

0.128

38.03

6. Livestock management

 

Enteric fermentation

_

3.75

_

93.77

Manure management

_

0.266

0.00003

6.66

7. Waste

 

Municipal solid waste

_

8.80

_

219.89

Domestic waste water

_

14.51

0.240

434.34

Total

8181.85

30.91

0.57

9124.45

  1. Note aOthers include electricity consumption in water pumping, drainage pumping stations, lighting and temporary supply

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Ramachandra, T.V., Sreejith, K., Bharath, H.A. (2014). Sector-Wise Assessment of Carbon Footprint Across Major Cities in India. In: Muthu, S. (eds) Assessment of Carbon Footprint in Different Industrial Sectors, Volume 2. EcoProduction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-75-0_8

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