Abstract
The paper proposes an alternative cyclical economy based on eco-villages supporting urban hubs to re-generate rural-urban balance based on eco-facturing, to use Gunter Pauli’s concept. Africa and Asia are two of the fastest urbanising areas globally. The development of eco-villages supporting the ‘one village many enterprises’ concept currently applied in Indonesia relies on responsive design. The development of eco-facturing using local products such as cassava for bioplastics, bamboo for biochar and fair trade, free range Luwak coffee and honey production are discussed as examples of eco-facturing that are currently being developed in Indonesia. The potential for eco-facturing to be applied in Southern Africa and Ghana is currently being explored using bamboo and cassava in appropriate areas and exploring a suitable cash crop. Coffee is one option, but many others such as red bush tea, aloes as well as a host of local herbs could be explored with Indigenous holders of wisdom. Core design principles, namely salience, trust and engagement to protect living systems and the people who are affected need to underpin the decision-making process. These principles are discussed in the paper together with the importance of ‘being the change’ through expanding pragmatism to consider the social, economic and environmental implications of choices. Systemic Ethical decisions honour ‘freedom and diversity’ to the extent that freedom and diversity are not undermined by power imbalances.
A version of this paper was presented at International Systems Sciences, Corvallis in 2019 by the first author who conceptualised and wrote the paper. Ida Wirawan set up and facilitated these interviews in West Java as the key facilitator of the COP, Yvonne Corcoran-Nantes participated in interviews whilst Rudolf Wirawan has contributed to the software design.
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Notes
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Action on the Bee Crisis: Paul Stamets, 7 March 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZPkCozuqM8&feature=youtu.be.
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Paul Stamets. https://youtu.be/XI5frPV58tY6 ways mushrooms can save the world | Paul Stamets he talks about the sentience of mushrooms and that mycelium are the first network or internet. See also Mushrooms, Mycology of Consciousness—Paul Stamets, EcoFarm Conference Keynote 2017.
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Ulrich, W., and Reynolds, M. (2010). In: Reynolds, Martin and Holwell, S., eds. Systems Approaches to Managing Change: A Practical Guide. London: Springer, pp. 242–292.
UN. (2007). Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2017). http://www.preventionweb.net/files/55465_globalplatform2017edings.pdf.
United Nations Paris Climate Change 2015 Conference of the Parties Twenty-first session Paris, 30 November to 11 December 2015. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. (2017). https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/sdg-report-2017.html.
United Nations. (2014). World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2014 Revisionhttps://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/publications/files/wup2014-highlights.Pdf.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2015–2030). Sendai Framework http://www.preventionweb.net/drr-framework/sendai-framework/.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2017). http://www.preventionweb.net/files/55465_globalplatform2017edings.pdfsendai-framework/.
United Nations Research Institute for Sustainable Dev. (2017). ‘Beyond the nation state how can regional social policy contribute to achieving the sustainable development goals?’ www.unrisd.org/ib5.
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West Churchman summed up CSH by saying there is no such thing as a total system, and that the systems approach begins when first we try to see the world through the eyes of another and that systems thinking is a good idea as long as we do not assume that we have all the answers. He stresses that our values filter the way we see the world and that we are part of the system we are studying. Reynolds (2008) ‘System of systems thinking’ elegantly sums up the 3 elements: (A) Framework for understanding complex interrelationships, (B) Framework for practice when engaging with different perspectives, and (C) Framework for responsibility taking into account A and B.
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McIntyre-Mills, J. (2017). Planetary Passport: Re-presentation, Accountability and Re-Generation. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, Switzerland. eBook ISBN, 978-3-319-58011-1, 10.1007/978-3-319-58011-1.
McIntyre-Mills, J. (2014). Systemic Ethics and non-anthropocentric stewardship. Springer, New York, 270pp. http://www.sense.nl/gfx_content/documents/20161115_Uitgevers.xlsx.
McIntyre-Mills, J. with De Vries, and Binchai, N. (2014). Transformation From Wall Street to Wellbeing: Joining Up the Dots Through Participatory Democracy and Governance to Mitigate the Causes and Adapt to the Effects of Climate Change. Springer, New York, 253. Springer, ranked B. Second and third authors provided the appendix on software user guide (pp. 193–198).
McIntyre-Mills, J. (2018). Recognizing our hybridity and interconnectedness: Implications for social and environmental justice. Current Sociology, 66(6), 886–910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392117715898.
Rayner, A. (2010). Inclusionality and sustainability—Attuning with the currency of natural energy flow and how this contrasts with abstract economic rationality. Environmental Economics, 1(1), 98–108.
Stephens, A., Taket, A., and Gagliano, M. (2019). Ecological Justice for Nature in Critical Systems Thinking. Syst. Res, 36, 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2532. Stokols, D. (2018). Social ecology in the digital age: Solving Complex Problems in a Globalized World. Academic Press, London.
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The volumes give examples of hopeful case studies of ways to do things differently. The majority of the case studies are from Australia, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Africa. The rationale for this choice is that rapid urbanisation and the impact on human security pose a challenge for Australia and additional case studies cover issues of displacement and loss of habitat in other regions.
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Measures will need to be taken to accommodate the education and training needs of current and future generations in ways that encourage better rural-urban balance.
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The paper draws on two volumes (summarised below) that go beyond critique to offer small case studies and pilots as alternative ways of doing, being and interacting. The volumes are based on papers presented at a multisite symposium as well as additional papers by authors with whom I collaborate.
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07/15/2011 “I am always trying to figure out how to explain the idea of the commons to newcomers who find it hard to grasp. In preparation for a talk that I gave at the Caux Forum for Human Security, near Montreux, Switzerland, I came up with a fairly short overview, which I have copied below…: http://www.bollier.org/commons-short-and-sweet”.
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The One Village One Product has been adopted in Indonesia by President Jakowi based on an adapted version of the Japanese model.
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As stressed in a previous chapter, in the Cape Town context, the issue is exacerbated by the number of young people who are affected by gang violence through being forced to join gangs or being the subject of gang violence. Fighting for the right to ‘own turf’ to sell drugs and manage associated prostitution rings has resulted in vigilante responses by residents who want to regain control of their communities. Large city populations become unstable when living costs are unaffordable. It is not surprising that the so-called Arab Spring started as a result of rising food costs. In Solo, Indonesia riots occurred when living costs and cooking oil become too expensive for the small street traders to survive. The demographic dividend namely high population growth and the rising number of young people could become the trigger for political unrest in rapidly urbanising cities in both Africa and Indonesia where the rising levels of unemployment and poverty result in the vulnerability of women and children to crime and trafficking. The need to link positive vocational training with positive digital engagement through social, economic and environmental pathways to wellbeing is very important for human security. Training in ‘joining up the social, economic and environmental dots’ could be facilitated by the pathways to wellbeing software.
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Although the number of witchcraft accusations decreased according to this report in the 1960s, there has been a resurgence in Africa in recent years (Cimric, 2010). The notion that the family support extends beyond the boundaries of death is complacent in Africa. When people experience misfortune, the Xhosa describe the process as being ‘intwaso’ or called by the ancestors who speak to them through dreams and through a state of possession. The state of vulnerability is addressed by family who call upon indigenous healers or apostolic or Zionist healers. At best, it leads to re-integration into a community. At worst, it leads to labelling and violence. The Comaroffs (1999) have stressed that the shattering of hope can lead to possession states and when communities are facing high levels of conflict, the blame is placed on scapegoats.
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The critical systemic approach takes into account many diverse ways of seeing and tries to find common themes that could underpin ‘lives worth living’, based on testing out ideas with those who are to be affected by the decisions and mindful of future generations of life (including sentient beings). This is a form of expanded pragmatism based on mindful decision making in the interests of living systems of which we are a strand (McIntyre-Mills, 2017c).We need to respond to systemic socio-demographic, cultural, political, economic and environmental challenges and the different needs of age cohorts in developed and developing and less developed parts of the world. Harper (2016) stresses that population change is below replacement levels in many parts of Europe where the population profile is one of low fertility and low mortality. So, population change needs to be viewed in terms of ballooning and shrinking populations. Added to this the life chances of young people need to be understood in different parts of the world. Basic concepts include, wellbeing, democracy, subsidiarity, capacity building, critical systemic praxis and wicked problems, complex decisions need to be made by complex decision makers. Others are: cultural studies, critical systems thinking, Informatics and modelling complex systems, sociology and public policy, management systems and governance.
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The engagement processes (see ‘Balancing Individualism and Collectivism’, McIntyre-Mills et al. 2018) that enable protecting the commons are explored in the companion volumes in which the rationale for a new way of living is developed with participants in Africa and Indonesia, where risks associated with displacement and loss are explored in more depth. The rationale for a more ethical form of representation and accountability to support cosmopolitan transdisciplinary approach is detailed in Systemic Ethics (McIntyre-Mills, 2014). Then in ‘Planetary Passport for Re-generation: Knowing Our Place Through Recognizing Our Hybridity’ (McIntyre-Mills, 2017c) a case is made that the commons could be protected through working across conceptual and spatial boundaries to enable low carbon, virtuous living in which resources are saved, re-generated to protect current and future generations of living systems.
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Participants included leadership by Ken Bausch, Tom Flanagan with participation by several colleagues including Norma Romm, Gayle Underwood. Leadership has continued through Peter Jones (2020) who sums up the seven axioms:
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“The Complexity Axiom: Observational variety must be respected when engaging observers/stakeholders in dialogue, while making sure that their cognitive limitations are not violated in our effort to strive for comprehensiveness (John Warfield).
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The Engagement Axiom: Designing complex social systems, such as for healthcare, education, cities, and communities, without the authentic engagement of the stakeholders is unethical and results in inferior plans that are not implementable (Hasan Özbekhan).
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The Investment Axiom: Stakeholders engaged in designing their own social systems must make personal investments of trust, committed faith, or sincere hope, in order to be effective in discovering shared understanding and collaborative solutions (Tom Flanagan).
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The Logic Axiom: Appreciation of distinctions and complementarities among inductive, abductive, deductive, and retroductive logics is essential for collective futures creation. Retroductive logic (referred to in design as backcasting) makes provision for leaps of imagination as part of value- and emotion-laden inquiries by a variety of stakeholders (Norma Romm, Maria Kakoulaki).” Contributions by McIntyre in the following publications (McIntyre-Mills, 2003, McIntyre-Mills, J., Bausch, K, Christakis, A. and de Vries, D. 2008, ‘How can we break the mould: democracy, semiotics and regional governance beyond the nation state’
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The Epistemological Axiom: A comprehensive human science should inquire about human life in its totality of thinking, wanting, telling, and feeling, as indigenous people and the ancient Athenians were capable of doing. It should not be dominated by the traditional Western epistemology that reduced science to only intellectual dimensions (LaDonna Harris and Reynaldo Trevino).” Contributions by McIntyre in the following publications McIntyre-Mills (2008c, 2017c), User centric policy design, McIntyre-Mills et al. (2014).
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The Boundary-Spanning Axiom: A science of dialogue empowers stakeholders to act beyond imposed boundaries in designing social systems that enable people from all walks of life to bond …: Contributions by McIntyre in the following publications, McIntyre-Mills (2008a, 2008b).
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A tradition within the community of practice is to identify the original contributor of the proposal by name, without reference to a specific work but by affirmation. Contexts of Co-creation: Designing with System Stakeholders 32 disciplinary barriers and boundaries, as part of an enrichment of their repertoires for seeing, feeling, and acting (Loanna Tsivacou and Norma Romm).” Contributions by McIntyre in the following publications McIntyre-Mills, 2008c).
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The Reconciliation of Power Axiom: Social systems design aims to reconcile individual and institutional power relations that are persistent and embedded in every group of stakeholders and their concerns, by honouring requisite variety of distinctions and perspectives as manifested in the Arena (Peter Jones)”.
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The area of concern which a proposed ‘Global Covenant’ (Held, 2004) and proposed Planetary Passport needs to address is poverty, climate change, displacement of people and destruction of habitat. The PP could strive to balance individual and collective needs in line with a Global Covenant. Post national regions could be protected in the form of a nested governance system spanning the local personal level to the household, community, regional and post national regional level. This could (perhaps) be achieved based on co-creating pathways (McIntyre-Mills & De Vries, 2011; McIntyre-Mills & Wirawan, 2017) to map and manage local resource systems (Ostrom, 2008) in context ‘from below’ based on self-reflection (through critical heuristics questions) to prompt decision making (Jackson, 2000). Stiglitz et al.’s (2010) wellbeing stocks could be supported by enabling people to ‘be the change’ on a daily basis through the way they choose to live their lives and making social contracts through the on-line engagement process. See the demonstration of the pathways to wellbeing software at https://archive.org/download/pathway_DEMO_1 pathways to wellbeing https://archive.org/details/VN860546 ethics and design. The decisions are prompted by scenario guidelines. The daily living choices can be guided by means of an on-line engagement tool that helps decision making and enables the monitoring of social, economic and environmental choices. Positive and negative sanctions through monitoring could ensure that resources are fed forward to those in need and in the interests of future generations.
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Waughray, D. (2017). Water, energy-food: can leaders at Davos solve this global conundrum? Huge demands for water present complicated challenges, but leaders will not resolve these kinds of interconnected risks without a systems approach https://www.theguardian.com/profile/dominic-waughray.
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https://www.speakersassociates.com/speaker/gunter-pauli. Accessed 20/12/2016.
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https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry-3/. According to the biomimicry institute website: “Biomimicry is an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies. … The core idea is that nature has already solved many of the problems we are grappling with. … After billions of years of research and development, failures are fossils, and what surrounds us is the secret to survival”. Accessed 29/07/2020.
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McIntyre-Mills, J.J., Corcoran-Nantes, Y., Wirawan, R.J., Widianingsih, I. (2021). The Potential of Eco-Facturing: Towards Social and Environmental Justice Through Vocational Education and Training. In: McIntyre-Mills, J.J., Corcoran-Nantes, Y. (eds) From Polarisation to Multispecies Relationships. Contemporary Systems Thinking. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6884-2_17
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