Abstract
This paper aims to explore policy possibilities for strengthening institutional capacity to address the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda through ecological engagement based on a “one village, many enterprises approach” to development to reduce rural poverty, outmigration and better rural-urban balance. The paper outlines the way in which we can live differently by understanding that production, consumption, re-production/re-generation cycle that follows a natural ecological approach, rather than the current approach to extracting profit at the expense of future generations. Production and reproduction need to be conducted in ways that do not exploit people and the environment. Exchange practices need to ensure that the interests of the few are not expended at the expense of the many. The case is made for securing food chains to the advantage of the farmers through governance based on a priori norms and a posteriori measures of wellbeing stocks (in the sense used by Joseph Stiglitz) defined as a raft of socio-cultural, economic and environmental indicators. It advocates transformative-directed research in Indonesia and South Africa (which share high rates of urbanization) through a community of practice approach.
An earlier version of the Plenary Paper: ‘Social engagement to protect multispecies habitat: implications for food security’ was presented at the Food Security Conference, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Indonesia, 8th–9th September, 2019. The chapter has been extended on the basis of collaborative research supported by the Universitas Padjadjaran and Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa.
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Notes
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According to the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects (2014) in 2014, to cite and paraphrase this report: “54% of the world population was urban and by 2050, 66% of the world’s population is projected to be urban if current trends continue”. Better urban governance needs to ensure that cities remain liveable and sustainable during and after the development process. Another central concern that urban governance schemes need to consider is the balancing of resources to meet both state and individual needs and goals. Land usage, either for agricultural production or for urban development, strategies and policies needs to be well informed to ensure not only optimal production is achieved but also elements of justice and equity prevail for a balanced development. The UN estimates that 71% will be in cities by 2030 and 80% in urban areas by 2050—if current rates are maintained (UN Report on Urbanisation, 2014, Rand Daily Mail, 26 May, 2015).
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Curtis, B. and Kasira, J. 2020 Swarms of locusts plague East African economy. The Australian, 27 January, page 9.
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https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg2. Report of the Secretary-General, Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.
“An estimated 821 million people—approximately 1 in 9 people in the world—were undernourished in 2017, up from 784 million in 2015. This represents a worrying rise in world hunger for a third consecutive year after a prolonged decline. Africa remains the continent with the highest prevalence of undernourishment, affecting one fifth of its population (more than 256 million people). Consistent with the continued growth in undernourishment, 770 million people faced severe food insecurity in 2017…”.
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More people are displaced today than during the Second World War. More animals and plants have been displaced than ever. According to the previous United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Guterres (UNHCR, 2014), for the first time since the Second World War, the global figure for displaced persons has now passed 50 million and, by 2050, this figure could be as high as 150 million (Rusbridger, 2015, 13).
Future scenarios need to consider the following factors: Displacement of people and animals, Unsustainable way of life—extraction of profit to the detriment of people and the planet, Increased levels of competition and risk faced by the most vulnerable, Growing populations, Growing gap between rich and poor, Increased urbanisation increased pollution and waste. Neglect of food, energy and water. Competition for resources in an increasingly complex global economy and Food Deserts.
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https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg2. Report of the Secretary-General, Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals
“An estimated 821 million people—approximately 1 in 9 people in the world—were undernourished in 2017, up from 784 million in 2015. This represents a worrying rise in world hunger for a third consecutive year after a prolonged decline. Africa remains the continent with the highest prevalence of undernourishment, affecting one fifth of its population (more than 256 million people). Consistent with the continued growth in undernourishment, 770 million people faced severe food insecurity in 2017. Stunting has been decreasing in nearly every region since 2000. Still, more than 1 in 5 children under 5 years of age (149 million) were stunted in 2018. Globally, 49 million children under 5 were affected by wasting and another 40 million were overweight in 2018. Strengthening the resilience and adaptive capacity of small-scale and family farmers, whose productivity is systematically lower than all other food producers, is critical to reversing the trend of the rise in hunger. The share of small-scale food producers in terms of all food producers in countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America ranges from 40 to 85%, compared with fewer than 10% in Europe. Government spending on agriculture compared to agriculture’s contribution to the total economy has declined by 37%; the ratio fell from 0.42 in 2001 to 0.26 worldwide in 2017. In addition, aid to agriculture in developing countries fell from nearly 25% of all donors’ sector-allocable aid in the mid-1980s to only 5% in 2017, representing a decrease of $12.6 billion. A continuous downward trend has been observed in export subsidy outlays reported to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The total outlays fell from close to $500 million in 2010 to around $120 million in 2016. This reduction in export subsidies by Governments is leading to lower distortions in agricultural markets.”
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The paper reflects on the content of two volumes, namely: Mixed Methods and Cross Disciplinary Research: Towards Cultivating Ecosystemic Living. Springer, New York. Democracy and Governance for Resourcing the Commons: Theory and Practice on Rural-Urban Balance. Springer, New York. Paper in the International Journal of Transformative Research, titled ‘Efforts to inspire transformative research with farmers in a small town in the North West Province of South Africa. 6, 1:10–19.
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The particular field visits in South Africa and Indonesia (which informs this paper—namely, field visits in December 2017, July 2018 and October 2019) followed on from the multi-site mixed methods and cross-cultural research symposium held in Australia (in line with Australia’s Foreign Policy, 2017) and West Java, which underlined the importance of collaborative research as equal partners in the so-called “One Village, One Enterprise Approach” (2014) decreed by the President of Indonesia, Jokowi. Through creating a community of practice network at a post-national level, this paper considers the potential of the application of the “one village one enterprise” notion supported by governance at a post national level to protect the global commons on which food and water security rests. The paper proposes an alternative cyclical economy based on eco-villages supporting urban hubs to re-generate rural-urban balance based on eco-facturing, to use Gunter Pauli’s concept. Africa and Asia are two of the fastest urbanising areas globally. The development of eco-villages supporting the ‘one village many enterprises’ concept currently applied in Indonesia relies on responsive design. The development of eco-facturing using local products such as cassava for bioplastics, bamboo for biochar and fair trade, free range Luwak coffee are discussed as three examples of eco-facturing that are currently being developed in Indonesia. The potential for eco-facturing to be applied in Southern Africa and Ghana is currently being explored using bamboo and cassava in appropriate areas and exploring a suitable cash crop. Coffee is one option, but many others such as red bush tea, aloes as well as a host of local herbs could be explored with Indigenous holders of wisdom. Some core design principles are suggested outlined by Christakis and members of Global Agoras community of practice and affiliates. Salience, trust and engagement to protect living systems and the people who are affected need to be involved in the decision-making process. These principles are discussed in the paper together with the importance of ‘being the change’ through expanding pragmatism to consider the social, economic and environmental implications of choices. Systemic Ethical decisions honour ‘freedom and diversity’ to the extent that freedom and diversity are not undermined by power imbalances.
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A multi-site, cross cultural Mixed Methods Symposium was held in Adelaide and Bandung to explore the potential for vocational training, integrated development and ways to enhance the capabilities of institutions to develop eco-facturing by making use of environmental resources in ways that re-generate people and places. Three crops were explored, namely cassava for bioplastics, bamboo for biochar and building and ethical luwak coffee and fair-trade Indonesian coffee. The Alamendah case study (McIntyre-Mills, Corcoran et al., 2019) demonstrates low rates of out migration as a result of community engagement in sustainable living and re-generative activities. The potential for women to be further empowered through enhancing their representation and accountability is explored. Indonesia has a policy that fosters rural development. It is called the ‘Jokowi one village one entrepreneurial project’ to support poverty reduction. We explored examples of sustainability and then considered whether it could inform vocational education and training in South Africa. Collaboration followed on from the multi-site mixed methods symposium held in Australia (in line with Australia’s Foreign Policy, 2017) and West Java which underlined the importance of collaborative research as equal partners in the so-called ‘One Village, One Enterprise Approach’ (2014) decreed by the President of Indonesia, Jokowi. Through creating a community of practice network at a post-national level, we have considered the application of the ‘one village one enterprise’ notion in the South African context and we are learning from the experience in Indonesia. A colleague from South Africa attended the multi-site symposium which was followed up by setting up a community of practice with other colleagues which resulted in our working together in range of ways, namely sharing resources and making suggestions as to how to foster opportunities in regional areas, such as Manyeledi in the North West Province (McIntyre-Mills, Karel et al., 2019). In this region, unemployment for young people in the 15–34 age group is one of the highest and it resulted in civil unrest in 2018 which required Cyril Ramaphosa to return from a visit in the UK, to address these concerns. The aim of the research is to encourage the notion that we can earn while we learn and grow a future together and to explore relationships with service users to build the capacity of the providers and to provide a better understanding of what works, why and how with the hope that it will help to inform policy decisions.
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07/15/2011 “I am always trying to figure out how to explain the idea of the commons to newcomers who find it hard to grasp. In preparation for a talk that I gave at the Caux Forum for Human Security, near Montreux, Switzerland, I came up with a fairly short overview, which I have copied below…:http://www.bollier.org/commons-short-and-sweet”.
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Food security requires both a priori norms and a posteriori measures to ensure local, national and post national support to ensure that the fabric of life is protected. Highly urbanised, environmentally affected regions have been selected as so-called ‘canary cases’ into address the projected 2050 scenario when most of the global urban population is expected to be located in Asia (52%) and Africa (21%) (United Nations, 2014: 11). The study areas selected take significance from the predictions made in this UN report. They are also the primary focus of this paper and the recent volumes (McIntyre-Mill, Corcoran et al., 2019, McIntyre-Mills, Romm et al., 2019) on which it draws, because they face substantial environmental change.
The social and environment challenges have been exploited by people traffickers in Africa, for example where slavery has become more visible than ever in Libya as desperate people fall into the hands of traffickers. The notion that sentient beings have rights is not even on the horizon in some socio-political contexts.
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As Major Sumner, a Ngarrindjeri Indigenous elder from the periodically drought-ravaged lower Murray River in South Australia and custodian of the river stresses, we are the land and the land is us. Re-establishing relationships with the land is at the heart of effective cultural ecosystem management (see http://www.mdba.gov.au/what-we-do/working-withothers/aboriginal-communities/ringbalin) and sustainable employment.
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The gender dynamic within culturally specific gender relations influences the status of, and opportunities for, women in a given community. Women’s political agency is vital. The policy priorities are also in line with the regional policy agenda (UNRISD, 2017) to map effective regional social policy pathways that span a wide range of sectors. In Indonesia the ‘One village, one product’ (OVAP, Morihiko Hiramatsu—Governor of Oita prefecture, 1979; Yogyakarta, 2014) was applied by President Jokowi in 2008–2009. In Alamendah, the learning organisation, community approach has been developed as a step towards empowering women in order to reduce their vulnerability to trafficking, but the process needs to be extended, in order to expand women’s role in the decision-making process and to introduce a range of opportunities that support the capabilities of women and the marginalised (McIntyre-Mills et al., 2018).
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Douglas, L. (2019) Do the Brazil Amazon fires justify environmental interventionism? https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/31/brazil-amazon-fires-justify-environmental-interventionism.
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What is the problem represented to be? (Bacchi, 2009). Given the current international relations between Russian and USA and its allies there has been little support for the proposed law. But the European Institute of Environmental Security (2013) has supported a citizen’s campaign to enable Europe to support the ecocide law, but the number of signatures has not been reached. The definition of ecocide has been recently reformulated (and extended from its original formulation) as follows by Higgins (2012) as the 5th Crime Against Humanity in her Tedex lecture as follows: “ The extensive damage to or loss of ecosystems of a given territory, whether by human agency or other causes, to such an extent that peaceful enjoyment by the inhabitants of that territory has been severely diminished.” (see Higgins, 2016, 2018, Hague Peace Lecture).
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Participants included leadership by Ken Bausch, Tom Flanagan with participation by several colleagues including Norma Romm, Gayle Underwood. Leadership has continued through Peter Jones (2019) who sums up the seven axioms:
“1. The Complexity Axiom: Observational variety must be respected when engaging observers/stakeholders in dialogue, while making sure that their cognitive limitations are not violated in our effort to strive for comprehensiveness (John Warfield).
2. The Engagement Axiom: Designing complex social systems, such as for healthcare, education, cities, and communities, without the authentic engagement of the stakeholders is unethical and results in inferior plans that are not implementable (Hasan Özbekhan).
3. The Investment Axiom: Stakeholders engaged in designing their own social systems must make personal investments of trust, committed faith, or sincere hope, in order to be effective in discovering shared understanding and collaborative solutions (Tom Flanagan).
4. The Logic Axiom: Appreciation of distinctions and complementarities among inductive, abductive, deductive, and retroductive logics is essential for collective futures creation. Retroductive logic (referred to in design as backcasting) makes provision for leaps of imagination as part of value- and emotion-laden inquiries by a variety of stakeholders (Norma Romm, Maria Kakoulaki).” Contributions by McIntyre in the following publications (McIntyre-Mills, 2003; McIntyre-Mills, J., Bausch, K, Christakis, A. and de Vries, D. 2008, ‘How can we break the mould: democracy, semiotics and regional governance beyond the nation state’).
“5. The Epistemological Axiom: A comprehensive human science should inquire about human life in its totality of thinking, wanting, telling, and feeling, as indigenous people and the ancient Athenians were capable of doing. It should not be dominated by the traditional Western epistemology that reduced science to only intellectual dimensions (LaDonna Harris and Reynaldo Trevino).” Contributions by McIntyre in the following publications McIntyre-Mills (2008, 2017a, b), User centric policy design, McIntyre-Mills et al. (2014).
“6. The Boundary-Spanning Axiom: A science of dialogue empowers stakeholders to act beyond imposed boundaries in designing social systems that enable people from all walks of life to bond …: Contributions by McIntyre in the following publications, McIntyre-Mills et al. (2008a, 2008b)
“7). A tradition within the community of practice is to identify the original contributor of the proposal by name, without reference to a specific work but by affirmation. Contexts of Co-creation: Designing with System Stakeholders 32 disciplinary barriers and boundaries, as part of an enrichment of their repertoires for seeing, feeling, and acting (Loanna Tsivacou and Norma Romm).” Contributions by McIntyre in the following publications McIntyre-Mills, J., Bausch, K, Christakis, A. and de Vries, D. (2008).
“8. The Reconciliation of Power Axiom: Social systems design aims to reconcile individual and institutional power relations that are persistent and embedded in every group of stakeholders and their concerns, by honouring requisite variety of distinctions and perspectives as manifested in the Arena (Peter Jones).”
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Through re-drawing the line based on engagement we could rebalance a sense of individual responsibility for the collective. We need to foster responsibility and stewardship through governance that protects the commons.
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In this case, the VET is provided through the University of South Africa’s (Unisa’s) Adult Basic Education and Youth Development Department and through Bokamoso Impact Investments. The article focuses on the importance of addressing the needs of farmers in regions that are increasingly vulnerable to climate change. The IPCC (2018) report makes it clear that global warming will exceed the 1.5% benchmark and this has specific implications for Africa. Glasser (2018) stresses that globally we face cascading risks. One of these will be the impact of using unsustainable farming practices to produce large food crops in vulnerable food growing regions that face increased risks of drought, fires and floods. He then cites 45–80% of Africa will be affected by climate change and that this will impact food security. One such area is the North West Province of South Africa (just south of Botswana at the edge of the Kalahari Desert). It has a low average rainfall and climate change has made the farming on marginal farming land more challenging than in previous years. This article also considers the potential opportunities to address the challenge to support cross-sectoral collaboration by public, private and civil society partners to contribute to addressing the SDGs 1 (no poverty), 11 (sustainable communities) and 17 (partnerships to achieve goal 1 and 11). Challenges are intertwined across the social, environmental and economic spheres (UNRISD, 2017; Glasser, 2018; IPCC, 2018). South Africa’s unemployment rate increased to 26.7% in the first quarter of 2019. This is a 0.5% increase. The North West Province has an overall unemployment rate of 26.6%. It is worth pointing out that even though the overall unemployment in the NW Province is lower than in Gauteng which has an unemployment rate of 29% (South African Market Insights, 2019 it has the highest unemployment rate nationally, namely, 40,3% for young people aged 15–24 who are not in employment or training. This is based on the official statistics and shows the highest rate of employment for this age group in South Africa. One of the greatest challenges has been to address the so-called “not in employment education or training” category that covers young people aged 15–24 and to work with the wider community to ensure that this most vulnerable group is given more education, training and employment opportunities. Consensus exists within the Adult Basic Education, Training and Youth Development Department at Unisa about its identity as a facilitator of learning that is linked to scholarship and research to foster active community engagement and critical pedagogy (as Giroux, 2004, 2011, puts it).
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In 2013 in Indonesia there are 72 million 944 thousand villages and there are 32,000 villages in the eastern part of Indonesia. Of these 43% of the poor villages are in eastern Indonesia have limited support. This is one of the reasons for introducing the Ministry for Village and Less Developed regions. In 2013, 63% of the poorest of the poor are farmers and they make up 28.6 million farmers. Another point raised by Ida is that food insecurity in many parts of Indonesia is linked with the inability to grow rice.
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The Citarum is the longest river in West Java and while once it was a source of water and fish, it is now polluted. https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/indonesias-citarum-the-worlds-most-polluted-river/.
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Pumps that produce bubbles can help to consolidate waste so that it can be more easily harvested see the Dutch prototype detailed at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/07/bubble-barrier-launched-to-keep-plastics-out-of-oceans.
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Worthy of note are the campaigns to return top using banana leaves for wrapping both in Asia and other regions of the world: https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/good-news/2019/06/04/banana-leaves-used-wrapping-produce/, https://www.ernestpackaging.com/buzz/sustainability/banana-leaf-wrappers/, https://www.biobasedpress.eu/2019/09/processed-banana-leaves-an-eco-friendly-packaging-solution/.
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These volumes published in 2019 were based on a symposium hosted at Flinders and Uni of Padjadjaran. Colleagues from Uni of South Africa also attended and have provided papers.
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The critical systemic approach takes into account many diverse ways of seeing and tries to find common themes that could underpin ‘lives worth living’, based on testing out ideas with those who are to be affected by the decisions and mindful of future generations of life (including sentient beings). This is a form of expanded pragmatism based on mindful decision making in the interests of living systems of which we are a strand (McIntyre-Mills, 2017a, b).We need to respond to systemic socio-demographic, cultural, political, economic and environmental challenges and the different needs of age cohorts in developed and developing and less developed parts of the world. Harper (2017) stresses that population change is below replacement levels in many parts of Europe where the population profile is one of low fertility and low mortality. So, population change needs to be viewed in terms of ballooning and shrinking populations. Added to this the life chances of young people need to be understood in different parts of the world. Basic concepts include, wellbeing, democracy, subsidiarity, capacity building, critical systemic praxis and wicked problems, complex decisions need to be made by complex decision makers. Others are: cultural studies, critical systems thinking, Informatics and modelling complex systems, sociology and public policy, management systems and governance.
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The engagement processes (see ‘Balancing Individualism and Collectivism’, McIntyre-Mills et al. 2017) that enable protecting the commons are explored in the companion volumes in which the rationale for a new way of living is developed with participants in Africa and Indonesia, where risks associated with displacement and loss are explored in more depth. The rationale for a more ethical form of representation and accountability to support cosmopolitan transdisciplinary approach is detailed in Systemic Ethics (McIntyre-Mills, 2014). Then in Planetary Passport for Re-generation: knowing our place through recognizing our hybridity (McIntyre-Mills, 2017a, b) a case is made that the commons could be protected through working across conceptual and spatial boundaries to enable low carbon, virtuous living in which resources are saved, re-generated to protect current and future generations of living systems.
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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49423968. “US President Donald Trump has called the Danish leader “nasty” after she rebuffed his idea of buying Greenland. He lashed out hours after Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen said she was “sorry” that Mr. Trump had abruptly called off a state visit to Denmark. She has dismissed the suggestion of such a land deal as “absurd”.
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According to the previous United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Guterres (UNHCR, 2014), for the first time since the Second World War, the global figure for displaced persons has now passed 50 million and, by 2050, this figure could be as high as 150 million (Rusbridger, 2015: 13). stressed that currently more people are displaced than during the Second World War. I argue that climate change impacts environments leading to displacement of plants, animals and people as cities encroach or droughts, floods, fires render areas unable to provide a liveable environment. This has profound ethical implications for everyday living choices. According to the Nuccitelli (2018 who cites Ricke) and correctly emphasizes that as a warm country it is in its interests to address global warming and climate change. Ricke et al. (2018: 1) explain: “Following the recommendations of the recent report by the US “National Academies, we executed our calculations of the social cost of carbon through a process with four distinct components: a socio-economic module wherein the future evolution of the economy, which includes the projected emissions of CO2, is characterized without the impact of climate change; a climate module wherein the earth system responds to emissions of CO2 and other anthropogenic forcing; a damages module, wherein the economy’s response to changes in the Earth system are quantified; and a discounting module, wherein a time series of future damages is compressed into a single present value. In our analysis, we explored uncertainties associated with each module at the global and country level. We focused only on climate impacts, and did not carry out a fully-fledged cost–benefit analysis, which would require modelling mitigation costs.”
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See the demonstration of the pathways to wellbeing software at https://archive.org/download/pathway_DEMO_1 pathways to wellbeing https://archive.org/details/VN860546ethicsanddesign.
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See the demonstration of the pathways to wellbeing software at: https://archive.org/download/pathway_DEMO_1 pathways to wellbeing https://archive.org/details/VN860546ethicsanddesign.
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The definition is as follows: ‘1. Material living standards (income, consumption and wealth), 2. Health, 3. Education, 4. Personal activities including work, 5. Political voice and governance, 6. Social connections and relationships, 7. Environment (present and future conditions), 8. Insecurity, of an economy as well as a physical nature’. This definition of wellbeing stocks fits well with the way in which both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians connect with Country in Australia and elsewhere and the way in which critical systems thinkers and complexity theorists understand inter relationships. The raft of concepts is necessary for defining wellbeing as stressed in several publications by McIntyre-Mills (McIntyre-Mills, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2014, 2016; McIntyre-Mills and De Vries, 2011).
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Waughray, D. (2017) Water, energy-food: can leaders at Davos solve this global conundrum? Huge demands for water present complicated challenges, but leaders will not resolve these kinds of interconnected risks without a systems approach https://www.theguardian.com/profile/dominic-waughray, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/jan/16/water-energy-food-challenge-davos.
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Videos to add to the application, for example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-SyZiwXKs0&feature=youtu.be. A letter from the virus. #LISTEN—YouTube,#coronovirus#planetearth #climatechange #pandemic Video made by Darinka Montico: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2gdztJU1zY. I’m not the owner of this video. www.youtube.com, https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/03/19/coronavirus-jane-goodall-acfc-full-episode-vpx.cnn. “Dr. Jane Goodall’s message of hope amid the coronavirus pandemic. Anderson Cooper talks with Dr. Jane Goodall, legendary conservationist, about humans’ interactions with animals and how we can avoid pandemics like the novel coronavirus.”
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The definition is as follows: ‘1. Material living standards (income, consumption and wealth), 2. Health, 3. Education, 4. Personal activities including work, 5. Political voice and governance, 6. Social connections and relationships, 7. Environment (present and future conditions), 8. Insecurity, of an economy as well as a physical nature’. This definition of wellbeing stocks fits well with the way in which both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians connect with Country in Australia and elsewhere and the way in which critical systems thinkers and complexity theorists understand inter relationships. The raft of concepts is necessary for defining wellbeing as stressed in several publications by McIntyre-Mills (McIntyre-Mills, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2016).
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McIntyre-Mills, J.J., Wirawan, R., Widianingsih, I., Riswanda, R. (2021). Social Engagement to Protect Multispecies Habitat: Implications for Re-Generation and Food Security. In: McIntyre-Mills, J.J., Corcoran-Nantes, Y. (eds) From Polarisation to Multispecies Relationships. Contemporary Systems Thinking. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6884-2_15
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