Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Incipient Need of Medicinal Plants in Targeting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Medicinal Plants for Lung Diseases

  • 773 Accesses

Abstract

Nowadays, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a crucial global health issue. There are many therapies available in the management of COPD. But, due to developing resistance and several adverse effects in conventional therapies, it is an immense need to develop new alternative therapies that should be novel, potent, and effective with lesser side effects. Medicinal plants are easily available medication for targeting several human disorders. Plants as well as herbs have many active constituents in it; hence, these can be considered as the best alternative treatment for COPD. In the current chapter, we focused on the adverse effects of existing drugs and the need of various medicinal plants and phytochemicals used in targeting COPD. Some important medicinal plants and phytochemicals with their active constituents are also described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kim YS (2017) Definition and epidemiology of COPD. Springer, Berlin, pp 4–8

    Google Scholar 

  2. Smith MC, Wrobel JP (2014) Epidemiology and clinical impact of major comorbidities in patients with COPD. Int J COPD 9:871–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Vestbo J, Rennard S (2010) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease biomarker(s) for disease activity needed - urgently. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182(7):863–864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, Jones PW, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A et al (2013) Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187(4):347–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Vogelmeier CF, Román-Rodríguez M, Singh D, Han MLK, Rodríguez-Roisin R, Ferguson GT (2020) Goals of COPD treatment: focus on symptoms and exacerbations. Respir Med 166(March):105938

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vestbo J, Hogg JC (2006) Convergence of the epidemiology and pathology of COPD. Thorax 61(1):86–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Pauwels PRA, Rabe KF (2004) Burden and clinical features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lancet 364(9434):613–620

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosenberg SR, Kalhan R, Mannino DM (2015) Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and risk factors. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 36(04):457–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Raherison C (2009) Epidemiology of COPD. Eur Respir Rev 18(114):213–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Diaz-guzman E, Mannino DM (2014) Epidemiology and prevalence of COPD. Clin Chest Med 35(1):7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2013.10.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ford ES, Mannino DM, Wheaton AG, Giles WH, Presley-Cantrell L, Croft JB (2013) Trends in the prevalence of obstructive and restrictive lung function among adults in the United States: findings from the national health and nutrition examination surveys from 1988-1994 to 2007-2010. Chest 143(5):1395–1406. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-1135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Menezes AMB, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JRB, Muiño A, Lopez MV, Valdivia G et al (2005) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study. Lancet 366(9500):1875–1881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhong N, Wang C, Yao W, Chen P, Kang J, Huang S et al (2007) Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: a large, population-based survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176(8):753–760

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Afonso ASM, Verhamme KMC, Sturkenboom MCJM, Brusselle GGO (2011) COPD in the general population: prevalence, incidence and survival. Respir Med 105(12):1872–1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.06.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chapman KR, Mannino DM, Soriano JB, Vermeire PA, Buist AS (2006) Epidemiology and costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 27(1):188–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Soriano JB (2006) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current burden and future projections. Eur Respir J 27(2):397–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ko FWS, Ip M, Chan PKS, Chan MCH, To KW, Ng SSS et al (2007) Viral etiology of acute exacerbations of COPD in Hong Kong. Chest 132(3):900–908. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-0530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Fang X, Wang X, Bai C (2011) COPD in China. Chest 139(4):920–929. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-1393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mohan H (2015) Textbook of pathology, 7th edn. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, pp 474–482

    Book  Google Scholar 

  20. Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M (2012) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 379(9823):1341–1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Boggia B, Farinaro E, Grieco L, Lucariello A, Carbone U (2008) Burden of smoking and occupational exposure on etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in workers of southern Italy. J Occup Environ Med 50(3):366–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Heyes A, Lanza L, Becker K (2012) Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a literature review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 7:457–494

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Gilliland FD, Li Y, Dubeau L, Berhane K, Avol E, Mcconnell R et al (2002) Effects of glutathione S -transferase M1, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:457–463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Keatings VM, Collins PD, Scott DM, Barnes PJ (1996) Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis fador-a in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstrudive pulmonary disease or asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153(2):530–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Stick SM, Burton PR, Gurrin L, Sly PD, Lesouëf PN (1996) Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and a family history of asthma on respiratory function in newborn infants. Lancet 348:1060–1064

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cook DG, Strachan DP (1998) Parental smoking, bronchial reactivity and peak flow variability in children. Thorax 53:295–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Chung KF (2005) The role of airway smooth muscle in the pathogenesis of airway wall remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2:347–354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang F, Ni SS, Liu H (2016) Pollutional haze and COPD: etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, biological markers and therapy. J Thorac Dis 8(1):E20–E30

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Liu S, Zhou Y, Wang X, Wang D, Lu J, Zheng J, Zhong N, Ran P (2007) Biomass fuels are the probable risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural South China. Thorax 62:889–897

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Wordley J, Walters S, Ayres JG (1997) Short term variations in hospital admissions and mortality and particulate air pollution. Environ Health 54:108–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zanobetti A, Bind MC, Schwartz J (2008) Particulate air pollution and survival in a COPD cohort. Environ Health 9:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mannino DM, Watt G, Hole D, Gillis C, Hart C, Mcconnachie A (2006) The natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 27(2):627–643

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chappell S, Daly L, Morgan K, Baranes TG, Roca J, Rabinovich R et al (2006) Cryptic haplotypes of SERPINA1 confer susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hum Mutat 27(November 2005):103–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hnizdo E, Sullivan PA, Bang KM, Wagner G (2002) Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and employment by industry and occupation in the US population: a study of data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Epidemiol 156(8):738–746

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Blanc PD, Iribarren C, Trupin L, Earnest G, Katz PP, Balmes J et al (2008) Occupational exposures and the risk of COPD: dusty trades revisited. Thorax 64:6–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Barker P (1991) Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult. BMJ 303:671–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA (2002) Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 57:847–852

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Svanes C, Sunyer J, Plana E, Dharmage S, Heinrich J, Jarvis D et al (2009) Early life origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 65:14–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Keicho N, Elliott WM, Hogg JC, Hayashi S (1997) Adenovirus EtA gene Dysregulates ICAM-l expression in transformed pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 16:23–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Higashimoto Y, Elliott WM, Behzad AR, Sedgwick EG, Takei T, Hogg JC et al (2002) Inflammatory mediator mRNA expression by adenovirus E1A-transfected bronchial epithelial cells. Am Thorac Soc 166(8):202–207

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chinwong D, Mookmanee N, Chongpornchai J, Chinwong SA (2018) Comparison of gender differences in smoking behaviors, intention to quit, and nicotine dependence among Thai university students. J Addict 2018:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Eisner MD, Anthonisen N, Coultas D, Kuenzli N, Perez-Padilla R, Postma D et al (2010) An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182(5):693–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kohansal R, Martinez-Camblor P, Agustí A, Sonia Buist A, Mannino DM, Soriano JB (2009) The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited: An analysis of the Framingham offspring cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180(1):3–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Montuschi P (2006) Pharmacological treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 1(4):409–423

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Gupta P, Mahony MSO (2008) Potential adverse effects of bronchodilators in the treatment of airways obstruction in older people. Drugs Aging 25(5):415–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hubbard R, Tattersfield A (2004) Inhaled corticosteroids, bone mineral density and fracture in older people. Drugs Aging 21(10):631–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ia Y, Ms C, Eha S, Km F (2012) Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:1–185

    Google Scholar 

  48. Singh S, Loke YK (2010) Risk of pneumonia associated with long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a critical review and update. Curr Opin Pulm Med 16:118–122

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Khare CP (2007) Indian medicinal plants. Springer, New York, p 40

    Book  Google Scholar 

  50. Ramli S, Harada KI, Ruangrungsi N (2011) Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Leaves ethanolic extract. Pharm J 3(23):50–58

    Google Scholar 

  51. Dhuley JN (1999) Antitussive effect of Adhatoda 6 asica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. J Ethnopharmacol 67:361–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rachana, Pant M, Basu S, Jain A, Goel N, Wadi I (2016) A review on herbal therapy for respiratory ailments. Int J Life Sci Pharm Res 6(2):P10–P14. https://www.ijlpr.com/admin/php/uploads/266_pdf.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  53. Diaz JE (1997) Efficacy of atropine sulfate in combination with albuterol in the treatment for acute asthma. Respir Care 4(12):107–113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Prasad R, Lawania RD, Manvi, Gupta R (2009) Role of herbs in the management of asthma. Pharmacogn Rev 3(6):247–258

    Google Scholar 

  55. Venkatesan N, Punithavathi D, Babu M (2007) Protection from acute and chronic lung disease by curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 595:379–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gaire BP, Subedi L (2013) Review a review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura stramonium L. J Integr Med 11(March):73–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Srivastava N, Chauhan AS, Sharma B (2012) Isolation and characterization of some phytochemicals from Indian traditional plants. Biotechnol Res Int 2012:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ram A, Arul Joseph D, Balachandar S, Pal SV (2009) Medicinal plants from siddha system of medicine useful for treating respiratory diseases. Int J Pharm Anal 1(2):975–3079. https://bioinfopublication.org/files/articles/1_2_4_IJPA.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kumar KM, Ramaiah S (2011) Pharmacological importance of Echinacea purpurea. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2(4):304–314

    Google Scholar 

  60. Hudson JB (2012) Applications of the phytomedicine Echinacea purpurea ( purple coneflower ) in infectious diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Tharakan S, Lakshmi T (2013) Role of Echinacea purpurea for COPD management - a mini review. Int J PharmTech Res 5(4):1808–1810

    Google Scholar 

  62. Tellez MR, Khan IA, Schaneberg BT, Crockett SL, Rimando AM, Kobaisy M (2004) Steam distillation – solid-phase microextraction for the detection of Ephedra sinica in herbal preparations. J Chromatogr A 1025:51–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Liang S, Meng X, Wang Z, Liu J, Kuang H, Wang Q (2018) Polysaccharide from Ephedra sinica Stapf inhibits inflammation expression by regulating factor-β1/Smad2 signaling. Int J Biol Macromol 106:947–954. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141813017321335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Parle M (2011) Available online through CLOVE: a champion spice. IJRAP 2(1):47–54

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kuete V (2017) Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa. Academic Press, Cameroon, pp 611–623

    Google Scholar 

  66. Singh GD, Kaiser P, Youssouf MS, Singh S, Khajuria A, Koul A et al (2006) Inhibition of early and late phase allergic reactions by Euphorbia hirta L. Phytother Res 20:316–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Barros L, Heleno SA, Carvalho AM, Ferreira ICFR (2009) Systematic evaluation of the antioxidant potential of different parts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. from Portugal. Food Chem Toxicol 47(10):2458–2464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Khoshnam SE, Farzaneh M, Bahaoddini A (2015) Review of the phytochemical, pharmacological and physiological properties of licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra). Clin Excell 4(1):71–56

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kim SH, Hong JH, Yang WK, Geum JH, Kim HR, Choi SY, Kang YM, An HJ, Lee YC (2020) Herbal combinational medication of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Agastache rugosa containing glycyrrhizic acid, tilianin inhibits neutrophilic lung inflammation by affecting CXCL2, interleukin-17/STAT3 signal pathways in a murine model of COPD. Nutrients 12(4):926

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Banu GS, Kumar G, Murugesan AG (2009) Effects of leaves extract of Ocimum sanctum L. on arsenic-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Food Chem Toxicol 47(2):490–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Prasad R, Lawania R, Gupta R (2009) Role of herbs in the management of asthma. Pharmacogn Rev 3(6):247

    Google Scholar 

  72. Kumar S, Malhotra S, Prasad AK, Van der Eycken EV, Bracke ME, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Parmar VS, Ghosh B (2015) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Piper species: a perspective from screening to molecular mechanisms. Curr Top Med Chem 15(9):886–893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Clarke R, Lundy FT, McGarvey L (2015) Herbal treatment in asthma and COPD – current evidence. Clin Phytosci 1(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-015-0005-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wu L, Wang X, Xu W, Farzaneh F, Xu R (2009) The structure and pharmacological functions of coumarins and their derivatives. Curr Med Chem 16(32):4236–4260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Garg SS, Gupta J, Sharma S, Sahu D (2020) An insight into the therapeutic applications of coumarin compounds and their mechanisms of action. Eur J Pharm Sci 152(July):105424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. MacNee W (2005) Treatment of stable COPD: antioxidants. Eur Respir Rev 14(94):12–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Park HS, Kim SR, Kim JO, Lee YC (2010) The roles of phytochemicals in bronchial asthma. Molecules 15(10):6810–6834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Meybodi NM, Mortazavian AM, Monfared AB, Sohrabvandi S, Meybodi FA (2017) Phytochemicals in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence. Int J Cancer Manag 10(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  79. Maruoka S, Hashimoto S (1999) Elastase anti-elastase imbalance in the pathogenesis of COPD. Nihon Rinsho 57(9):1982–1987. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/10497394

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kacem R (2013) Phenolic compounds from medicinal plants as natural anti-elastase products for the therapy of pulmonary emphysema. J Med Plants Res 7(48):3499–3507

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Dastmalchi K, Flores G, Wu SB, Ma C, Dabo AJ, Whalen K, Reynertson KA, Foronjy RF, Kennelly EJ (2016) Edible Myrciaria vexator fruits: bioactive phenolics for potential COPD therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 176(12):139–148

    Google Scholar 

  82. Feng L, Liu X, Zhu W, Guo F, Wu Y, Wang R et al (2013) Inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by pentacyclic triterpenes. PLoS One 8(12):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Groutas WC, Dou D, Alliston KR (2012) Neutrophil elastase inhibitors. NIH Public Access 21(3):339–354. http://www.polyurethanes.org/en/faqs

    Google Scholar 

  84. Nalban N, Alavala S, Sangaraju R, Mir SM, Sistla R (2019) Therapeutic targeting of oxidative stress and inflammation in asthma and COPD and pharmacological interventions with phytochemicals. In: Oxidative stress in lung diseases. Springer, Singapore, pp 429–449

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India

    Ganesh Bhaskar Sonawane, Anurag Mishra, Sarita Rawat, Sushma Rawat, Sachchidanand Pathak, Santosh Kumar Singh, Gaurav Gupta & Ritu Gilhotra

  2. Shrishakti Shaikshanik Sanstha’s, Divine College of Pharmacy, Satana, Nashik, India

    Ganesh Bhaskar Sonawane

Authors
  1. Ganesh Bhaskar Sonawane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anurag Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sarita Rawat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sushma Rawat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sachchidanand Pathak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Santosh Kumar Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Gaurav Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ritu Gilhotra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Kamal Dua

  2. Discipline of Medical Sciences, School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Srinivas Nammi

  3. NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Dennis Chang

  4. Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Dinesh Kumar Chellappan

  5. School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

    Gaurav Gupta

  6. Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Trudi Collet

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sonawane, G.B. et al. (2021). Incipient Need of Medicinal Plants in Targeting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In: Dua, K., Nammi, S., Chang, D., Chellappan, D.K., Gupta, G., Collet, T. (eds) Medicinal Plants for Lung Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6850-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation