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Phase Change Materials and Its Applications

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Fundamentals and Innovations in Solar Energy

Part of the book series: Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering ((ESIEE))

Abstract

A "phase" is an important physical identity of any material. Pure materials undergo phase transition when the heat is absorbed or released at a constant temperature known as melting or boiling point temperature. This phase transition is associated with "latent heat", which researchers are trying to exploit in multiple ways for different applications. The temperature range for these applications is such that selected materials undergo a phase change. Thus, their latent heat comes into play. There are various applications of these phase change materials (PCMs) from low-temperature passive heating/cooling and thermal management to high-temperature storage for solar thermal systems. PCM implementation requires knowledge of their types, properties, thermal characterization procedure, and property enhancement techniques, to map their suitability for a particular application. An assessment follows their implementation. There are different models for simulating the phase change process for different configurations, for assessing the impact of PCM incorporation. PCM caters to a vast arena of thermal applications and is used for either to enhance thermal cooling performance or to enhance thermal efficiency by wisely exploiting the energy storage potential. Here, we present mathematical modeling and different computational approaches for studying PCM-based systems. The general and most preferred practices in PCMs are discussed along with the different approaches of handling computational grids. Various methods based on discerning the energy equations are discussed along with phase field and volume of fluid methods. Also, the sophisticated commercial/research-based tools available for modeling the phase change materials are detailed. Such a comprehensive overview will be helpful for researchers/engineers looking to realize PCM, especially for energy and building applications.The later part of the chapter provides a comprehensive review of PCMs, followed by a detailed description of various applications and research prospects. This study discusses both heating and cooling applications of PCMs. PCM implementation in buildings can result in energy savings of up to 30%. PCMs application for thermal regulation of batteries, electronic circuits, and photovoltaic module are also discussed. Heat transfer enhancement techniques required to increase PCM dispatch ability, with suitable case studies, have been discussed in detail. The application of PCM in wearable devices to sustain extreme temperatures is still uncharted and can prove to be handy for thermal management and providing sustainable solutions. PCM implementation for solar thermal applications as high-temperature storage material has been discussed in this present study. In summary, this chapter provides a holistic review of different PCM applications and their modeling. It highlights the research, required to be carried out to overcome the shortcomings of PCM implementation to form a feasible solution for various problems. This study also highlights the importance of PCMs in energy conservation, thus contributing to a reduction in CO2 emissions and climate change.

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Abbreviations

C :

Specific heat capacity, kJ/kg K

Φ :

Nano-fluid volume fraction

D :

Equivalent diameter, m

Nu:

Nusselt number

F :

Packing factor

Re:

Reynolds number

W :

Width, m

Pe:

Pecklet number

h :

Convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K

Pr:

Prandtl number

H :

Sensible enthalpy, J

k :

Thermal conductivity, W/m K

I :

Solar radiation intensity, W/m2

A :

Cross-sectional area

L :

Length, m

δ :

Thickness of the material

L f :

Latent heat of fusion, J

σ :

Stefan–Boltzman constant, W/(m2K4)

ṁ :

Mass flow rate, kg/s

ε :

Emissivity of glass

p :

Pressure, N/m2

t :

Time

s :

Liquid fraction

μ :

Viscosity of fluid

B:

Constant parameter

κ :

Boltzman constant

T :

Temperature, K

U :

Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K

u :

Horizontal component of the velocity, m/s

a :

Ambient

v :

Vertical component of the velocity, m/s

b:

Backplane

x :

Distance in flowing direction, m

c :

Solar cell

y :

Distance in normal direction, m

g:

Glass

α :

Absorption coefficient

p :

PCM layer

α t :

Thermal diffusivity, m2/s

ref:

Reference value at reference conditions

α mt :

Indicator function to mark different fluids

w :

Water

η :

Photovoltaic efficiency

f:

Fluid

β :

Temperature coefficient of PCM

c:

Coil tube through which fluid flows

β t :

Thermal expansion coefficient, 1/K

np:

Nano-particle

τ :

Transmission coefficient

bf:

Base fluid

γ(T):

Melt function

nf:

Nano-fluid

F`:

Flat plate collector efficiency factor

s:

Solid

ρ :

Density

l:

Liquid

V :

Volume

ref:

Reference value

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, India

    Anirudh Kulkarni & Rajat Saxena

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, India

    Rajat Saxena

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India

    Sumit Tiwari

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  1. Anirudh Kulkarni
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  2. Rajat Saxena
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Correspondence to Rajat Saxena .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sri Niwas Singh

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Prabhakar Tiwari

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sumit Tiwari

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Kulkarni, A., Saxena, R., Tiwari, S. (2021). Phase Change Materials and Its Applications. In: Singh, S.N., Tiwari, P., Tiwari, S. (eds) Fundamentals and Innovations in Solar Energy. Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6456-1_13

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