Abstract
Peatland has long served the panglong (timber) businesses as well as the local people. In the nineteenth century, people could clear the land as long as they paid the sultan or community chief. The Sultan in Deli gave empty land concessions to companies (tanah kosong) on the condition that the company kept the land for swidden agriculture for local people. The Agrarian Law in 1870 enabled the colonial government to grant land concessions to companies for woeste grond (waste land), over which the people had no rights. The concept of “waste land” was different from “empty land” which was a part of the customary land tenure system. After the independence, the Basic Agrarian Act and the Basic Forestry Act recognized the customary communal right of disposition (hak ulayat) and the right to clear land; however, these rights were strictly interpreted, making it challenging to implement them. The Basic Forestry Act stipulated the state forest area (kawasan hutan) as the forest over which the people had no rights other than hak ulayat. The Forestry Act in 1999 added that people were prohibited from cultivating and/or making use of and/or occupying the state forest area illegally. According to our survey at a village in the peatland area, almost all land was state forest area, in which there were a lot of production forests over which companies had been granted concessions. On the other hand, local people had settled there since the 1930s and acquired land through inheritance, buying, and clearing. Many of them have letters of certificate for this land. Today the government tends not to recognize such letters issued for state forest areas. These conditions have given rise to the insecurity of land rights in the peatlands. While the government hopes that agrarian reform would resolve land tenure issues through social forest programs, local people have yet to see benefits from these programs.
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Notes
- 1.
Hout-Bosschen op Java en Madura, Voorschrijven omtrent het beheer en de exploitatie, Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indië No. 96, jaar 1865.
- 2.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tshun 1997 tentang Pendaftaran Tanah.
- 3.
Undang-undang Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 1967 tentang Pokok-pokok Kehutanan.
- 4.
Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor : P. 50/Menhut-II/2009 Tentang Penegasan Status Dan Fungsi Kawasan Hutan.
- 5.
Reglement voor de houtzagerijen, houtaankappen, en houtskool branderijen in de afdeeling Bengkalis van het gewest Oostkust van Sumatra, de onderafdeelingen Lingga, Karimon en Tandjoeng Pinang van de afdeeling Tandjoeng Pinang van het gewest Riouw en Onderhoorigheden en de onderafdeeling Djambi van gelijknamige afdeeling van het gewest van dien naam (Panglongreglement) (Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indië 1923 No. 220).
- 6.
Annual issues of Badan Pusat Statistik, Statistik Perusahaan Hak Pengusahaan Hutan, Jakarta; Badan Pusat Statistik.
- 7.
Annual issues of Badan Pusat Statistik, Statistik Hak Tanaman Industri, Jakarta; Badan Puat Statistik.
- 8.
Annual issues of Badan Pusat Statistik, Statistik Perusahaasn Perkebunan, Jakarta; Badan Pusat Statistik.
- 9.
Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK.903/MENLHK/SETJEN/PLA.2/12/2016 Tentang Kawasan Hutan Provinsi Riau.
- 10.
Surat Edaran Gubernur Riau, No 522/Ekbang/35.27 tertanggal 14 December 2005.
- 11.
Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat No. IX/2001 tentang Pembaruan Agraria dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam.
- 12.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tentang Tanah Hak ulayat Masyarakat Hukum Adat.
- 13.
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia A Nomor 88 Tahun 2017 Tentang Penyelesaian Pengusasanan Tanah Dalam Kawasan Hutan.
- 14.
Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.17/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/5/2018 tentang Tata Cara Plepasan Kawasan Hutan dan Perubahan Batas Kawasan Hutan untuk Sumber Tanah Obyek Reformasi Agraria.
- 15.
Dheny (2020) reported the village forest (Hutan Desa) program as one of the social forestry programs that was implemented at Tebing Tinggi Timur sub-district, Kepulauan Meranti district, Riau Province.
- 16.
Peraturan Menteri LHK RI Nomor P.21/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2019 Tentang Hutan Adat Dan Hutan Hak.
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Mizuno, K., Hosobuchi, M., Ratri, D.A.R. (2021). Land Tenure on Peatland: A Source of Insecurity and Degradation in Riau, Sumatra. In: Osaki, M., Tsuji, N., Foead, N., Rieley, J. (eds) Tropical Peatland Eco-management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4654-3_23
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