Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Advantages of Hybrid Bioreactor

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fixed Bed Hybrid Bioreactor

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

  • 259 Accesses

Abstract

The limitations of activated sludge process with regard to surge loading, maintaining uniform biomass concentration, poor settleability in secondary clarifier, inadequacy to withstand toxic and inhibitory substances, etc. have been focused. Thereafter, the efforts have been made to highlight on upgradation of activated sludge process (ASP) with different possible forms. Advantages of attached-growth process and development of aerobic fixed-bed hybrid bioreactor are also highlighted in this section. Chronological developments of various mathematical models with their comparative features and validation with experimental data are also presented. Treatability study of municipal wastewater under both ASP and aerobic fixed-bed hybrid bioreactor is also explored. Finally, critical assessment is done based on evolution of aerobic fixed-bed hybrid bioreactor, its present and future perspective, mathematical modeling of hybrid bioreactor and its validation in the treatment of synthetic and municipal wastewater.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wanner O, Morgenroth E (2004) Biofilm modeling with AQUASIM. Water Sci Technol 49(1):137–144

    Google Scholar 

  2. Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000) Industrial water pollution control 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill Inc, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sen D, Randall CW (1990) Performance of fixed film media integrated in the activated sludge reactors to enhance nitrogen removal. Water Sci Technol 30:13–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Campbell H, Schnell A (2003) Upgrading activated sludge systems using free floating plastic media [online]. Available from www.hydroxyl.com/papers/waterdown/UpgradeAS.pdf

  5. Rutt K, Seda J, Johnson CH (2006) Two years case study of integrated fixed film activated sludge at Broomfield Co, WWTP. In: Proceedings of the water environment federation, Sesson 10, pp 225–239

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wang J-L, Wu L-B (2004) Wastewater treatment in a hybrid biological reactor (HBR): nitrification characteristics. Biomed Environ Sci 17:373–379

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lewandowski Z (1985) Nitrification process in activated sludge with suspended marble particles. Water Res. 19:535–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Golla PS, Reddy MP, Simms MK, Laken TJ (1994) Three years of full scale captor process operation at Moundsville WWTP, Water Sci Technol 29:175181

    Google Scholar 

  9. Wanner J, Kucman K, Grau P (1988) Activated sludge process combined with biofilm cultivation. Water Res 22:207–215

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kaindl N, Tillman U, Mobius CH (1999) Enhancement of capacity and efficiency of a biological wastewater treatment plant. Water Sci Technol 40:231–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rusten B, McCoy M, Proctor R, Siljuden JG (1998) The innovative biofilm moving bed biofilm reactor/solids contact reaction process for secondary treatment of municipal wastewater. Water Environ Res 67:1083

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gebara F (1999) Activated sludge biofilm wastewater treatment system. Water Res 33(1):230–238

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fouad M, Bhargava R (2005) A simplified model for the steady-state biofilm-activated sludge reactor. J Environ Manage 74:245–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Guang HC, Ju-Chang H, Lo MC (1997) Removal of rate limiting organic substances in a hybrid biological reactor. Water Sci Technol 35:81–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Matsumura M, Yamamoto T, Wang P, Shinabe K, Ya-suda K (1997) Rapid nitrification with immobilized cell using macro-porous cellulose carrier. Water Res 31:1027–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00361-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Green M, Ruskol Y, Lahav O, Tarre S (2001) Chalk as the carrier for nitrifying biofilm in a fluidized bed reactor. Water Res 35:284– 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00239-6

  17. Cantet J, Paul E, Clauss F (1996) Upgrading performance of an activated sludge process through addition of talqueous powder. Water Sci Technol 34:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00631-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sakai Y, Tani K, Tkahashi F (1992) Sewage treatment under conditions of balancing microbial growth and cell decay with a high concentration of activated sludge supplemented with ferromagnetic powder. J Ferment Bioeng 74:413–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(92)90045-V

  19. Liu JX, Groenestijn JWV, Doddema HJ Wang BZ (1996) Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus using a new biofilm-activated-sludge system. Water Sci Technol 34:315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00521-5

  20. Morper MR (1994) Upgrading of activated sludge system for nitrogen removal by application of the Linpor-CN process. Water Sci Technology 29:167–176

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gilligan TP, Morper M (1999) A unique process for upgrading conventional activated sludge systems for nitrogen removal (online). Paper presented at NE WEA, October 1999, available from

    Google Scholar 

  22. Harvey PJ, Siviter CL (1999) Use of the suspended carrier process to upgrade wastewater treatment facilities [online]. Available from https://www.purac.net/downloads/articles/1999%20NZWWA%20Conference%20Paper%Kaldnes_pdf. Accessed on 10 Aug 2003

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ødegaard H, Rusten B, Westrum T (1994) A new moving bed biofilm reactor applications and results. Water Sci Technol 29:157–165

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rantanen P, Valve M (2003) A hybrid process for biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal-pilot plant experiments [online]. Available from www.vyh.fi/eng/syke/ppd/ws/biorev.htm

  25. Dalentoft E, Thulin P (1997) The use of the Kaldnes suspended carrier process in treatment of wastewaters from the forest industry. Water Sci Technol 35:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(96)00923-7

  26. Munch EV, Barr K, Watts S, Keller J (2000) Suspended carrier technology allows upgrading high-rate activated sludge plants for nitrogen removal via process intensification. Water Sci Technol 41:5–12

    Google Scholar 

  27. Jensen KR 1995 Effects of integrated fixed film activated sludge on nitrogen removal in biological nutrient removal systems. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mitta PR (1994) Utilisation of fixed film media in BNR activated sludge. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rittmann BE (1982) Comparative performance of biofilm reactor types. Biotechnol Bioeng XXIV:1341–1370

    Google Scholar 

  30. Mudliar S, Banerjee S, Vaidya A, Devotta S (2008) Steady state model for evaluation of external and internal mass transfer effects in an immobilized biofilm. Biores Technol 99:3468–3474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Raafat M, Diaa O, Monayeri EI, Amer N (2014) Application of hybrid system to upgrade existing wastewater treatment plants: a case study. Int J Sci: Basic Appl Res 14(2):154–168

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ross D, Fernandes W, Briggs T, Kim N, Booh G, Neely D, Welp J (2004) Integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) at the lake view WWTP the real implementation issues. In: Proceedings of the 77 th WEFTEC-national conference of the water environment federation, New Orlians, L.A

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rostron WM, Stuckey DC, Young AA (2001) Nitrification of high strength ammonia waste waters: comparative study of immobilization media. Water Res 35:1169–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00365-1

  34. Chuang SH, Ouyang CF, Yuang HC, You SJ (1997) Effects of SRT and DO on nutrient removal in a combined AS-biofilm process. Water Sci Technol 36:19–27

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hait S, Mazumder D (2008) Scope of improvement of treatment capacity of activated sludge process by hybrid modification. J Environ Eng Sci 7:147–158 (NRC Canada)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ye J, McDowell CS, Koch K, Kulick FM, Rothermal BC (2009) Pilot testing of structured sheet media IFAS for wastewater biological nutrient removal(BNR). Proc Water Environ Fed 12:4427–4442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Gheewala SH Annachhatre AP (2003) Efficacy of biofilms under toxic conditions. J Env Engg ASCE 576–579

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mazumder D (2010) Simultaneous COD and ammonium nitrogen removal from a high strength wastewater in a shaft-type aerobic hybrid bioreactor. Int J Environ Sci Dev 1(4):327332

    Google Scholar 

  39. Li C, Ji M, Li X, Wang M (2011) Municipal wastewater treatment in a new type bio-carrier reactor. Procedia Environ Sci 10:962–967

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hooshyari B, Azimi A, Mehrdadi N (2009) Kinetic analysis of enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge process. Int J Environ Sci Technol 6(1):149–158

    Google Scholar 

  41. Azimi AA, Hooshyari B, Mehrdadi N, Bidhendi GN (2007) Enhanced COD and nutrient removal efficiency in a hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge process. Iran J Sci Technol 31:523–533

    Google Scholar 

  42. EI-jafry MH, Ibrahim WA, EI-adawy MS (2013) Enhanced COD and nutrient removal efficiency in integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) process. In: International conference on civil and architecture engineering, Kuala Lampur, pp 43–46

    Google Scholar 

  43. Thalla AK et al (2012) Experimental evaluation of activated sludge—biofilm reactor: influence of composite media. ASCE, HZ 2153–5515:134–141

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lobos-Moysa E (2012) Application of hybrid biological techniques to the treatment of municipal wastewater containing oils and fats. Desalin Water Treat (impact factor: 0.61). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.677451

  45. Arumugam SM, Ponnusami V (2013) Aerobic treatment of dairy wastewater by hybrid bioreactor. Int J Chem Res 5(6):3064–3069

    Google Scholar 

  46. Bohdziewicz J, Sroka E (2006) Application of hybrid systems to the treatment of meat industry wastewater. Desalination 198:33–40

    Google Scholar 

  47. Farrokhi M, Ashrafi D, Roohbakhsh E, Yoonesi A (2014) Hospital wastewater treatment by integrated fixed film activated sludge, using rice husk as fixed media. Adv Life Sci 4(3):178–183

    Google Scholar 

  48. Moysa EL, Dudziak M, Zoń Z (2009) Biodegradation of rapeseed oil by activated sludge method in the hybrid system. Desalination 241:43–48

    Google Scholar 

  49. Trapani DD, Christensso M, Odegaard H (2011) Hybrid/activated sludge /biofilm process for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Water Sci Technol 63(6):1121–1129. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.350

  50. Oles J, Wilderer PA (1991) Computer aided design of sequencing batch reactors based on the IAW PRC activated sludge model. Water Sci Technol 23(4–6): 1087–1095

    Google Scholar 

  51. Daigger GT, Nalosco D (1995) Evaluation and design of full-scale wastewater treatment plant using biological process models. Water Sci Technol 31(2):245–255

    Google Scholar 

  52. Mehrdadi N, Azimi A, Bidhendi GRN, Hooshyari B (2006) Determination of design criteria of an H-IFAS reactor in comparison with an extended aeration activated sludge process. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 3(1)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Finnson A (1993) Simulation of a strategy to start up nitrification at Bromma sewage plant using a model based on IAW PRC model No.1. Water Sci Technol 28(11–12):185–195

    Google Scholar 

  54. Novotny V, Jones HV, Feng X, Capodaglio AG (1990) Time series analysis models of activated sludge plants. Water Sci Technol 23:1107–1116

    Google Scholar 

  55. Capodaglio AG, Jones HV, Novotny V, Feng X (1991) Sludge bulking analysis and forecasting: application of system identification and artificial neural computing technologies. Water Res 25(10):1217–1224

    Google Scholar 

  56. Cote M, Gransjean BPA, Lessard P, Thibault J (1995) Dynamic modeling of the activated sludge process: improving prediction using neural networks. Water Res 29:995–1004

    Google Scholar 

  57. Lukasse LJS, Keesman KJ, Klapwijk A, van Straten G (1988) Optimal control of N-removal in ASPs. Water Sci Technol 38(3):255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Lesouef A, Payraudeau M, Rogalla M, Kleiber B (1992) Optimizating nitrogen removal reactor configurations by on-site calibration of the IAW PRC activated sludge model. Water Sci Technol 25(6):105–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Shaw AR, Johnson TL, Johnson C (2003) Intricacies of modeling the emerging integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) process. In: Proceedings of the water environment federation, WEFTEC 2003: Session 61 through Session 70, pp 95107(13)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sriwiriyarat T, Randall CW (2005) Evaluation of integrated fixed film activated sludge wastewater treatment processes at high mean cells residence time and low temperatures. J Environ Eng ASCE 131(11):1550–1556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Harris NP, Hansford GS (1976) A study of substrate removal in a microbial film reactor. Water Res 10: 935–943

    Google Scholar 

  62. Henze M, Grady Jr CPL, Gujer W, Marais GVR, Matsuo T (1987) Activated sludge model No. 1. Scientific and Technical report No. 1. International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, London

    Google Scholar 

  63. Barker PS, Dold PL (1997) General model for biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems. Water Environ Res 69(5):969–984

    Google Scholar 

  64. Henze M, Gujer W, Mino T, van Loosdrecht M, Marais, GVR, Wentzel MC, Matsuo T (1999) Activated sludge model No. 2D, ASM 2D. Water Sci Technol 39(1):165–182

    Google Scholar 

  65. Tsuno H, Hidakaa T, Nishimura F (2001) A simple biofilm model of bacterial competition for attached surface. Water Res 36:996–1006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Boltz JP, Morgenroth E, Sen D (2010) Mathematical modeling of biofilms and biofilm reactors for engineering design. Water Sci Technol 62:1821–1836

    Google Scholar 

  67. Williamson K, McCarty PL (1976) A model of substrate utilization by bacterial films 48(1):9–23

    Google Scholar 

  68. Rittmann BE, McCarty Perry L (1980) Model of steady state biofilm kinetics. Biotechnol Bioeng XXII:2343–2357

    Google Scholar 

  69. Huang JS, Jih CG (1997) Deep biofilm kinetics of substrate utilization in anaerobic filters. Water Res 31(9):2309–2317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kim BR, Suidan MT (1988) Approximate algebraic solution for a biofilm model with the monod kinetic expression. Water Res 23(12):1491–1498

    Google Scholar 

  71. Heath MS, Wirtel SA, Rittmann BE (1990) Simplified design of biofilm processes using normalized loading curves. Water Pollution Control Federation 62:185–191

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Saez PB, Rittmann BE (1991) Accurate pseudo analytical solutions for steady state biofilm. Biotech Bioengg 39:790–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Pritchett LA, Dockery JD (2001) Steady state solutions of a one dimensional biofilm model. Math Comput Modell 33:255–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hsien TY, Lin YH (2005) Biodegradation of phenolic wastewater in a fixed biofilm reactor. Biochem Eng J 27:95–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Perez J, Picioreanu C, Loosdrecht MV (2005) Modeling biofilm and flock diffusion processes based on analytical solution of reaction-diffusion equations. Water Res 39:1311–1323

    Google Scholar 

  76. Wik T, Goransson E, Breitholtz C (2006) Low model order approximations of continuously stirred biofilm reactors with Monod kinetics. Biochem Eng J 30:16–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Eswari S, Modi A, Kapoor DP, Venkateswarlu C (2012) Modelling of fixed bed biofilm reactor treating pharmaceutical industry wastewater. In: Conference paper in chemical engineering sciences, IICT, Hyderabad

    Google Scholar 

  78. Sarkar S, Mazumder D (2015) Process design and application of aerobic hybrid bioreactor in the treatment of municipal wastewater. Int J Chem Nucl Mater ialsand Metall Eng World Acad Sci Eng Technol 9(3):466–470

    Google Scholar 

  79. Lee C-Y (1992) Model for biological reactors having suspended and attached growths. J Environ Eng 118(6):982–987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sriwiriyarat T (1999) Computer programme development for the design of IFAS wastewater treatment processes. M.S.Thesis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburgs, VA 24061, pp 1540–1549

    Google Scholar 

  81. Fadel M, Ibrahim A, Ayoub G (2002) Aerobic hybrid growth process modeling: a parametric sensitivity analysis. In: Proceedings of international symposium on environmental pollution control and waste management, pp 333–348

    Google Scholar 

  82. Pai TY, Chuang SH, Tsai YP, Yuyang CF (2004) Modelling a combined anaerobc/anoxic oxide and rotating biological contactors process under dissolved oxygen variation by using an activated sludge-biofilm hybrid model. J Env Eng 130(12):1433–1441

    Google Scholar 

  83. Sriwiriyarat T et al (2005) Computer program development for the design of integrated fixed film activated sludge wastewater treatment processes. J Environ Eng 131(11):1540–1549

    Google Scholar 

  84. Boltz JP, Johnson BR, Daigger GT, Sandino J (2009) Modeling integrated fixed-film activated sludge and moving- bed biofilm reactor systems i: mathematical treatment and model development. Water Environ Res 81(6):555–575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Metcalf L, Eddy HP (2013) Wastewater engineering. A text book, Reprint 21st

    Google Scholar 

  86. Majdabadi MM (2011) New modification for wastewater treatment plant. Int Conf Environ Agricul Eng IPCBEE 15:130–133

    Google Scholar 

  87. Mardani S et al (2011) Determination of biokinetic coefficients for activated sludge processes on municipal wastewater. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 8(1):25–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Daniel D, Christensso M, Odegaard H (2011) Hybrid/activated sludge/biofilm process for the treatment of municipal waste water. Water Sci Technol 63(6):1121-1129. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.350

  89. Hinson RK, Kocher WM (1996) Model for effective diffusivities in aerobic biofilms. ASCE J Environ Eng ASCE 122(11):1023–1030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Lee CY, Lan YW (1999) Competitiveness evaluation for individual growth in hybrid processes. J Environ Eng ASCE 125(2):146–152

    Google Scholar 

  91. Rittmann BE, McCarty PL (1980) Evaluation of steady-state-biofilm kinetics. Biotech Bioeng XXII:2359–2373

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute of Technology and Sports Complex (JIS Group), Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Sushovan Sarkar

  2. Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India

    Debabrata Mazumder

Authors
  1. Sushovan Sarkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Debabrata Mazumder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sushovan Sarkar .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sarkar, S., Mazumder, D. (2021). Advantages of Hybrid Bioreactor. In: Fixed Bed Hybrid Bioreactor. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4546-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4546-1_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-33-4545-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-33-4546-1

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation