Abstract
A general introduction to the field of active matter physics is presented in this chapter. This thesis is dedicated to experimental studies on collective motion of swimming bacteria from the viewpoint of nonequilibrium statistical physics. Collective motion of self-propelled elements has fascinating properties that are often different from those of orientationally-ordered equilibrium systems due to its intrinsically nonequilibrium nature. To further understand such properties, we explore emergent order and fluctuations in two major classes of collective motion: the Vicsek universality class and active turbulence. Starting from the definitions on self-propulsion and active matter, we briefly review the typical active matter systems and their collective motion in nature and in experiments. By summarizing current situations on the theoretical understanding of collective motion such as state-of-the-art interpretations on giant number fluctuations, we formulate the questions we address in the following chapters. At the end of the chapter, we summarize the organization of this thesis.
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Notes
- 1.
One might oppose to this definition by raising chemotaxis and collective motion. In these cases, the directions of motion are indeed ‘modified’ by the external chemical gradient or by their neighbors. However, each self-propelled object can still move at a certain direction even without such external fields, and thus these are upper-level phenomena exhibited by self-propelled objects in response to the external fields.
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Nishiguchi, D. (2020). General Introduction. In: Order and Fluctuations in Collective Dynamics of Swimming Bacteria. Springer Theses. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9998-6_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9998-6_1
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