Abstract
The chapter provides an updated synthesis of threatened flora of Jammu and Kashmir state. Till date, a total of 429 species of seed plants, belonging to 256 genera in 87 families, have been listed under different threat assessment studies in the State. Among the 429 species assessed, there are 24 species which have been recognized as critically endangered, 88 endangered, 75 vulnerable, 3 near threatened, and 32 least concern as per threat assessment categories currently recognized by the IUCN, the remaining species belonging to rare and indeterminate categories used by previous workers. In addition, several species are noticed as rare and need to be categorized for threat, while in case of several other species previously reported from this region but not having been collected in recent times, their probable extinction/misidentification needs to be ascertained. This chapter highlights the knowledge gaps in the threatened flora of this Himalayan State and proposes a globally standardized research framework for assessment of threat status of various species, which can help in implementing targeted conservation strategies based on empirical scientific evidences.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aiello-Lammens ME, Boria RA, Radosavljevic A, Vilela B, Anderson RP (2015) spThin: an R package for spatial thinning of species occurrence records for use in ecological niche models. Ecography 38:541–545
Bachman S, Moat J, Hill AW, Torre J, Scott B (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. Zookeys 150:117–126
Brummitt NA, Bachman SP, Griffiths-Lee J, Lutz M, Moat JF, Farjon A, Donaldson JS, Hilton-Taylor C, Meagher TR, Albuquerque S, Aletrari E, Andrews AK, Atchison G, Baloch E, Barlozzini B, Brunazzi A, Carretero J, Celesti M, Chadburn H, Cianfoni E, Cockel C, Coldwell V, Concetti B, Contu S, Crook V, Dyson P, Gardiner L, Ghanim N, Greene H, Groom A, Harker R, Hopkins D, Khela S, Lakeman-Fraser P, Lindon H, Lockwood H, Loftus C, Lombrici D, Lopez-Poveda L, Lyon J, Malcolm-Tompkins P, McGregor K, Moreno L, Murray L, Nazar K, Power E, Tuijtelaar MQ, Salter R, Segrott R, Thacker H, Thomas LJ, Tingvoll S, Watkinson G, Wojtaszekova K, Lughadha EMN (2015) Green plants in the red: a baseline global assessment for the IUCN sampled red list index for plants. PLoS One 10:e0135152
Cardoso P (2017) red – an R package to facilitate species red list assessments according to the IUCN criteria. Biodivers Data J 5:e20530
Ceballos G, García A, Ehrlich PR (2010) The sixth extinction crisis loss of animal populations and species. J Cosmol 8:1821–1831
Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky AD, Garcia A, Pringle RM, Palmer TM (2015) Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci Adv 1:e1400253
Chamberlain S (2017) rredlist: ‘IUCN’ Red List Client. 0.4.0. https://github.com/ropensci/rredlist
Chase MW, Christenhusz MJW, Fay FM, Byng JW, Judd WS, Soltis DE et al (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1–20
Cooke SJ, Sack L, Franklin CE, Farrell AP, Beardall J, Wikelski M, Chown SL (2013) What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science. Conserv Physiol 1:cot001
Dar GH, Khuroo AA (2013) Floristic diversity in Kashmir Himalaya: progress, problems and prospects. Sains Malays 42:1377–1386
Dar GH, Naqshi AR (2001) Threatened flowering plants of the Kashmir Himalaya – a checklist. Orient Sci 6(1):23–53
Dar GH, Bhagat RC, Khan MA (2002) Biodiversity of the Kashmir Himalaya. Valley Book House, Srinagar
Dar AR, Dar GH, Reshi Z (2006a) Recovery and restoration of some critically endangered endemic angiosperms of the Kashmir Himalaya. J Biol Sci 6:985–991
Dar AR, Dar GH, Reshi Z (2006b) Conservation of Artemisia amygdalina – a critically endangered endemic plant species of Kashmir Himalaya. Endanger Species Update 23:34–39
Dar AR, Dar GH, Reshi Z (2008) Narrow endemic angiosperms of the Kashmir Himalaya: threat assessment and conservation. In: Chisti MZ, Ahmad F (eds) Science for better tomorrow. Universal Printers, Srinagar, pp 31–39
Dar AR, Reshi Z, Dar GH (2009) Germination studies on three critically endangered endemic angiosperm species of the Kashmir Himalaya, India. Plant Ecol 200:105–115
Dar AR, Reshi Z, Dar GH, Andleeb L (2010) Factors contributing to critically endangered status of Aquilegia nivalis Falc. ex Jackson – an alpine endemic angiosperm in the Kashmir Himalaya, India. Int J Bot 6:371–382
Dauby G, Stévart T, Droissart V, Cosiaux A, Deblauwe V, Simo-Droissart M, Sosef MSM, Lowry PP, Schatz GE, Gereau RE, Couvreur TLP (2017) ConR: an R package to assist large-scale multispecies preliminary conservation assessments using distribution data. Ecol Evol 7:11292–11303
Dirzo R, Young HS, Galletti M, Ceballos G, Nick JB, Collen B (2014) Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345:401–406
IUCN (2012a) Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List criteria at regional and national levels: version 4.0. IUCN, Gland/Cambridge, iii + 41pp
IUCN (2012b) IUCN Red List categories and criteria (version 3.1), 2nd edn, Gland/Cambridge
IUCN (2017) The IUCN red list of threatened species. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 10 Oct 2017
Jain SK, Sastry ARK (1980) Threatened plants of India: a state-of-the-art report. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah/Calcutta
Jain SK, Sastry ARK (1983) Materials for a catalogue of threatened plants of India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, Calcutta
Jain SK, Sastry ARK (eds) (1984) The Indian Plant Red Data Book-1. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah/Calcutta
Khuroo AA, Dar GH, Khan ZS, Reshi ZA (2005) Observations on Gentiana kurroo Royle, a critically endangered medicinal plant from the Kashmir Himalaya. Endanger Species Update 22(4):139–143
Khuroo AA, Shapoo GA, Rasheed S, Kaloo ZA, Rafiq S (2018) Goodyera fusca (Orchidaceae): a new record for Kashmir Himalaya, India. Lankesteriana 18:151–154
Lee C, Murray N (2017) redlistr: tools for the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems and Species. 1.0.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=redlistr
Martinelli G, Moraes MA (2013) Livro Vermelho da flora do Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
Martins E, Loyola R, Martinelli G (2017) Challenges and perspectives for achieving the global strategy for plant conservation targets in Brazil. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 102:347–356
Mittermeier RA, Gils PR, Hoffman M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermeier CG, Lamoreaux J, Da Fonseca GAB (eds) (2004) Hotspots revisited. Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. USA: CEMEX
Moat J, Bachman S (2017) rCAT: Conservation Assessment Tools. 0.1.5. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rCAT
Molur S, Walker S (eds) (1998) Report of the workshop “conservation, assessment and management plan for selected medicinal plants of northern, northeastern and central India” (BCPP Endangered Species Project) Zoo Outreach Organisation, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India, Coimbatore, India, p 62
Monteiro L, Machado N, Martins E, Pougy N, Verdi M, Martinelli G, Loyola R (2018) Conservation priorities for the threatened flora of mountaintop grasslands in Brazil. Flora 238:234–243
Nayar MP, Sastry ARK (eds) (1987, 1988, 1990) Red Data Book of Indian plants, vols 1–3. BSI, Calcutta
Newbold T, Hudson LN, Arnell AP, Contu S, Palma A, Ferrier S, Hill SLL, Hoskins AJ, Lysenko I, Phillips HRP, Burton VJ, Chng CWT, Emerson S, Gao D, Pask-Hale G, Hutton J, Jung M, Sanchez-Ortiz K, Simmons BI, Whitmee S, Zhang H, Scharleman JPW, Purvis A (2016) Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment. Science 353:288–291
Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (2014) The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution and protection. Science 344:1246752
Rao CS, Suresh BL, Suresh G (2003) Red list of threatened vascular plant species in India. ENVIS, Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
Raup DM (1991) A kill curve for Phanerozoic marine species. Paleobiology 17:37–48
Rodgers WA (1985) Biogeography and protected area planning in India. In: Thorsell JW (ed) Conserving Asia’s natural heritage. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland/Cambridge, UK, pp 103–113
Robertson MP, Visser V, Hui C (2016) Biogeo: an R package for assessing and improving data quality of occurrence record datasets. Ecography 39:394–401
Singh NP, Singh DK, Uniyal BP (2002) Flora of Jammu and Kashmir, Vol. 1 Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Ranunculaceae – Moringaceae). Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata
Steffen W, Broadgate W, Deutsch L, Gaffney O, Ludwig C (2015) The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. Anthropocene Rev 2:81–98
Tali BA, Ganie AH, Nawchoo IA, Wani AA, Reshi ZA (2015) Assessment of threat status of selected endemic medicinal plants using IUCN regional guidelines: A case study from Kashmir Himalaya. J Nat Conserv 23:80–89
Tali BA, Khuroo AA, Nawchoo IA, Ganie AH (2018) Prioritizing conservation of medicinal flora in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot: an integrated ecological and socioeconomic approach. Environ Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000425
Topel M, Zizka A, Calio MF, Scharn R, Silvestro D, Antonelli A (2017) SpeciesGeoCoder: fast categorization of species occurrences for analyses of biodiversity, biogeography, ecology, and evolution. Syst Biol 66:145–151
Urban MC (2015) Accelerating extinction risk from climate change. Science 348:571–573
Walter KS, Gillett HJ (eds) (1998, 1997) IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland/Cambridge
Wani PA, Dar AR, Mohi-ud-din GG, Ganaie KA, Nawchoo IA, Wafai BA (2006) Treasure and tragedy of the Kashmir Himalaya. Int J Botany 2:402–408
WCMC (1992) Global biodiversity: Status of the Earth’s living resources. Chapman and Hall, London. xx + 594 pp
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, for providing necessary facilities. The support provided by the research scholars at the Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, University of Kashmir, is highly acknowledged. Anzar A Khuroo acknowledges the financial support received under AICOPTAX scheme of MoEFCC, New Delhi, during the course of present study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hamid, M., Khuroo, A.A., Ahmad, R., Rasheed, S., Malik, A.H., Dar, G.H. (2020). Threatened Flora of Jammu and Kashmir State. In: Dar, G., Khuroo, A. (eds) Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State . Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 18. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_37
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-32-9173-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-32-9174-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)