Skip to main content

Adapting to Climate Variability and Change in India

Part of the Water Resources Development and Management book series (WRDM)

Abstract

Responding to rainfall variability has always been one of the most critical risks facing farmers. It is also an integral part of the job of water managers, whether it be designing interventions for flood management, improving the reliability of water supply for irrigation or advising on priorities during drought conditions. The conventional tools and approaches employed are no longer sufficient to manage the increasing uncertainty and incidence of extreme climate events, and the consequent effects these have on human vulnerability and food security. To be effective, the technological advances need to be matched with physical, institutional and management innovations that transcend sectors, and place adaptation and responsiveness to variability at the centre of the approach. This chapter examines a number of these challenges and possible solutions at a range of scales, from ‘climate-smart villages’ to national policy, with a focus on Asia and India, in particular.

Keywords

  • Manage Aquifer Recharge
  • Crop Insurance
  • Surface Storage
  • Central Ground Water Board
  • Land Surface Water Index

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-981-287-976-9_4
  • Chapter length: 23 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • ISBN: 978-981-287-976-9
  • Instant EPUB and PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • ISBN: 978-981-10-1322-5
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Free shipping worldwide
    See shipping information.
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Notes

  1. 1.

    USD 1 = INR 64 (as at July 2015).

References

  • Aggarwal P, Zougmoré R, Kinyangi J (2013) Climate-smart villages: a community approach to sustainable agricultural development. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at http://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/climate-smart-villages-community-approach-sustainable-agricultural-development#.VPVVX-FQ3o0. Accessed on 3 Mar 2015

  • Amarasinghe UA, Mutuwatte L, Surinaidu L, Anand S, Jain SK (2015) Reviving the Ganges water machine: why? Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss 12:8727–8759

    Google Scholar 

  • Amarnath G (2014) Earth observation data: monitoring floods and drought. Geospatial Today 6:15–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Amarnath G, Ameer M, Aggarwal P, Smakhtin V (2012) Detecting spatio-temporal changes in the extent of seasonal and annual flooding in South Asia using multi-resolution satellite data. In: Civco DL, Ehlers M, Habib S, Maltese A, Messinger D, Michel U, Nikolakopoulos KG, Schulz K (eds) Earth resources and environmental remote sensing/GIS applications III: proceedings of the international society for optics and photonics (SPIE), vol 8538, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1–6 July 2012. International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE), Bellingham, WA, USA, p 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BM, Thornton P, Zougmoré R, van Asten P, Lipper L (2014) Sustainable intensification: what is its role in climate smart agriculture? Curr Opin Environ Sustain 8:39–43

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • CGWB (2013) Master plan for artificial recharge to ground water in India. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, p 225. Available at http://cgwb.gov.in/documents/MasterPlan-2013.pdf. Accessed on 26 July 2015

  • Choppra K (2005) The raining nature. Available at http://www.boloji.com/. Accessed on 26 July 2015

  • EM-DAT (2014) The international disaster database. Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters. Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. Available at http://www.emdat.net. Accessed 18 Feb 2015

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2010) “Climate-smart” agriculture: policies, practices and financing for food security, adaptation and mitigation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. Prepared as a technical input for The Hague conference on agriculture, food security and climate change held on 31 Octo–5 Nov 2010, p 48. Available at http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/newsroom/docs/the-hague-conference-fao-paper.pdf. Accessed on 27 July 2015

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2015) FAO success stories on climate-smart agriculture: CSA on the ground. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, p 28. Available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3817e.pdf. Accessed on 27 July 2015

  • Gale I, Neumann I, Calow R, Moench M (2002) The effectiveness of artificial recharge of groundwater: a review. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/02/108N, p 59

    Google Scholar 

  • GoI (Government of India) (2008) National action plan on climate change. Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change, Government of India, p 49

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosain AK, Rao S (2007) Impact assessment of climate change on water resources of two river systems in India. Jalvighyan Sameeksha 22:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2001) The scientific basis. Contribution of working groups I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p 881

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum I, Brunner S, Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, von Stechow C, Zwickel T, Minx JC (eds) Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Jat RK, Sapkota TB, Singh RG, Jat ML, Kumar M, Gupta RK (2014) Seven years of conservation agriculture in a rice–wheat rotation of eastern Gangetic plains of South Asia: yield trends and economic profitability. Field Crops Res 164:199–210

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan B, Pavelic P (in prep.) Identifying priority watersheds to mitigate floods and droughts by novel conjunctive water use management strategies. Submitted to the Environ Earth Sci J Revised manuscript under review

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar MD, Patel A, Ravindranath R, Singh OP (2008) Chasing a mirage: water harvesting and artificial recharge in naturally water-scarce regions. Econ Political Wkly 43(35):61–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipper L, Thornton P, Campbell BM, Baedeker T, Braimoh A, Bwalya M, Caron P, Cattaneo A, Garrity D, Henry K, Hottle R, Jackson L, Jarvis A, Kossam F, Mann W, McCarthy N, Meybeck A, Neufeldt H, Remington T, Sen PT, Sessa R, Shula R, Tibu A, Torquebiau EF (2014) Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nat Clim Change 4:1068–1072

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • McCartney M, Smakhtin V (2010) Water storage in an era of climate change: addressing the challenge of increasing rainfall variability. Blue paper. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka, p 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Milly PCD, Betancourt J, Falkenmark M, Hirsch RM, Kundzewicz ZW, Lettenmaier DP, Stouffer RJ (2008) Stationarity is dead: wither water management? Science 319(5863):573–574

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neate P (2013) Climate-smart agriculture success stories from farming communities around the world. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, Netherlands. Available at https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/34042/Climate_smart_farming_successesWEB.pdf. Accessed on 27 July 2015

  • Nelson GC, Robertson R, Msangi S, Zhu T, Liao X, Jawajar P (2009) Greenhouse gas mitigation issues for Indian agriculture. IFPRI discussion paper 00900. Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavelic P, Srisuk K, Saraphirom P, Nadee S, Pholkern K, Chusanathas S, Munyou S, Tangsutthinon T, Intarasut T, Smakhtin V (2012) Balancing-out floods and droughts: opportunities to utilize floodwater harvesting and groundwater storage for agricultural development in Thailand. J Hydrol 470–471:55–64

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Prathapar SA, Sharma BR, Aggarwal PK (2012) Hydro, hydrogeological constraints to managed aquifer recharge in the Indo Gangetic plains. IWMI-Tata Water Policy Res Highlight 40:5

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy VR, Syme GJ (eds) (2015) Integrated assessment of scale impacts of watershed intervention: assessing hydrogeological and bio-physical influences on livelihoods. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, p 432

    Google Scholar 

  • Revelle R, Lakshminarayana V (1975) The Ganges water machine. Science 188(4188):611–616

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakthivadivel R (2007) The groundwater recharge movement in India. In: Giordano M, Villholth KG (eds) The agricultural groundwater revolution: opportunities and threats to development (Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series 3). CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp 195–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellars S, Nguyen P, Chu W, Gao X, Hsu K, Sorooshian S (2013) Computational earth science: big data transformed into insight. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 94(32):277–278

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Shah T (2008) India’s groundwater irrigation economy: the challenge of balancing livelihoods and environment. In: Chopra K, Dayal V (eds) Handbook on environmental economics in India. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah T (2009a) Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation. Environ Res Lett 4(3):1–13

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Shah T (2009b) Taming the anarchy: groundwater governance in South Asia. Washington, DC, USA. Resources for the future. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka, p 310

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah T, Verma S, Durga N (2014) Karnataka’s smart, new solar pump policy for irrigation. Econ Political Wkly 49(48):10–14

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2010) Deep wells and prudence: towards pragmatic action for addressing groundwater overexploitation in India. The World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/03/04/000333037_20100304230610/Rendered/PDF/516760ESW0P0951round0Water129101110.pdf. Accessed on 30 July 2015

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Bird .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bird, J. et al. (2016). Adapting to Climate Variability and Change in India. In: Biswas, A., Tortajada, C. (eds) Water Security, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Water Resources Development and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-976-9_4

Download citation