Skip to main content

A Reading Profile of Singapore Primary 1 Students and Implications for Reading Pedagogy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Quadrilingual Education in Singapore

Part of the book series: Education Innovation Series ((EDIN))

  • 1149 Accesses

Abstract

Reading plays an important role in providing a foundation for language proficiency and academic achievement. Thus it is imperative that, in schools, children are properly inducted into a reading process that develops them into proficient and critical readers. To attain this objective, however, schools require a comprehensive and effective reading instruction curriculum. Such a curriculum can be more effectively formulated if there are data portraying the reading and comprehension abilities of the students at entry level. In light of this need, this paper describes the reading profile of a group of students in Singapore at entry level of a primary school, Primary 1, detailing their decoding, retelling and comprehension abilities. In examining and discussing the scores, we examine the kind of pedagogy which is necessary for enhancing the reading abilities of these students. It is envisaged that the findings and pedagogical implications could have applicability in other contexts where school students are expected to communicate and learn through the medium of English even though they might have different home languages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Baydar, N., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Furstenberg, F. F. (1993). Early warning signs of functional illiteracy: Predictors in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 64(3), 815–829. doi:10.2307/1131220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., & McKeown, M. G. (2001). Text talk: Capturing the benefits of read aloud experiences for young children. The Reading Teacher, 55(1), 10–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton, B. K., & Graesser, A. C. (Eds.). (1996). Models of understanding text. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chall, J. (1983). Stages of reading development. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clay, M. M. (1993a). An observation survey of early literacy achievement. Auckland: Heinemann Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clay, M. M. (1993b). Reading recovery: A guide for teachers in training. Auckland: Heinemann Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, A. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (1997). Early reading acquisition and its relation to reading experience and ability 10 years later. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 934–945. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.6.934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curdt-Christiansen, X.-L., & Silver, R. E. (2012). Educational reforms, cultural clashes and classroom practices. Cambridge Journal of Education, 42(2), 141–161. doi:10.1080/0305764X.2012.676631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, D. K., & Porche, M. V. (2011). Relationship between language experiences in preschool classrooms and children’s kindergarten and fourth-grade language and reading abilities. Child Development, 82(3), 870–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., Pagani, L. S., Feinstein, L., Engel, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Sexton, H., Duckworth, K., & Japel, C. (2007). School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1428–1446. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erford, B. T. (2004). The reading essential skill screener – Preschool version (RESS-P): Studies of reliability. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 29(3), 19–34. doi:10.1177/073724770402900302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fountas, I., & Pinell, G. S. (1996). Guided reading: Good first teaching for all children. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, E. (1977). Fry’s readability graph: Clarification, validity, and extension to level 17. Journal of Reading, 21(3), 242–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaskins, I. W. (1998). There’s more to teaching at-risk and delayed readers than good reading instruction. The Reading Teacher, 51(7), 534–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, S. S., & Glascoe, F. P. (2006). Evaluation of children with reading difficulties. American Family Physician, 74(12), 2079–2084.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargrave, A. C., & Senechal, M. (2000). A book reading intervention with preschool children who have limited vocabularies: The benefits of regular reading and dialogic reading. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15(1), 75–90. doi:10.1016/S0885-2006(99)00038-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2011). Lessons from the crib for the classroom: How children really learn vocabulary. In S. B. Neuman & D. K. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook of early literacy research (Vol. 3, pp. 49–65). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, J. W. (1991). Teaching reading comprehension processes (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, I. S. (2002). Reading for change: Performance and engagement across countries. Results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, M. (2010). Helping students become accurate, expressive readers: Fluency instruction for small groups. In D. S. Strickland (Ed.), Essential readings on early literacy (pp. 39–46). Newark: International Reading Association. doi:10.1598/RT.58.4.3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linan-Thompson, S., & Vaughn, S. (2007). Research-based methods of reading instruction for English-language learners, Grades K-4. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGee, L. M., & Schickedanz, J. A. (2010). Repeated interactive read-alouds in preschool and kindergartens. In D. S. Strickland (Ed.), Essential readings on early literacy (pp. 10–20). Newark: International Reading Association. doi:10.1598/RT.60.8.4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education. (2007). Singapore’s performance in the progress in international reading literacy study (PIRLS) 2006. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2007/pr20071129.htm

  • Ministry of Education. (2008). English language syllabus 2010 primary & secondary (Express/Normal [Academic]). Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/syllabuses/english-language-and-literature/files/english-primary-secondary-express-normal-academic.pdf

  • Moats, L. C. (1999). Teaching reading is rocket science: What expert teachers of reading should know and be able to do. Washington, DC: American Federation of Teachers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, S. B., & Cunningham, L. (2009). The impact of professional development and coaching on early language and literacy instructional practices. American Educational Research Journal, 46(2), 532–566. doi:10.3102/0002831208328088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, R. E., & Vadasy, P. F. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of reading interventions. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, R. E., Harty, K. R., & Fulmer, D. (2005). Tiers of intervention in kindergarten through third grade. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(6), 532–538. doi:10.1177/00222194050380060901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paris, S. G. (2005). Reinterpreting the development of reading skills. Reading Research Quarterly, 40(2), 184–202. doi:10.1598/RRQ.40.2.3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L. M., Norris, S. P., Osmond, W. C., & Maynard, A. M. (2002). Relative reading achievement: A longitudinal study of 187 children from first through sixth grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1), 3–13. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.94.1.3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rathvon, N. (2004). Early reading assessment: A practitioner’s handbook. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart, D. E. (1977). Toward an interactive model of reading. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance VI (pp. 573–603). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. doi:10.1598/0710.29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon, M. D., Anderson, K. L., & Sweeney, M. (2010). Early intervention for reading difficulties: The interactive strategies approach. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarborough, H. (2001). Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evidence theory, and practice. In S. B. Neuman & D. K. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook of early literacy research (Vol. 1). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A., & Nelley, E. (2002). PM Benchmark Kit 2. Southbank: Nelson Thomson Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, C. E., & Van Hemel, S. B. (2008). Early childhood assessment: Why, what, and how? Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spira, E. G., Bracken, S. S., & Fischel, J. E. (2005). Predicting improvement after first-grade reading difficulties: The effects of oral language, emergent literacy, and behavior skills. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 225–234. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sripathy, M. (2007). Cultural scripts and literacy pedagogy. In V. Vaish, S. Gopinathan, & Y. Liu (Eds.), Language, capital, culture: Critical studies of language and education in Singapore (pp. 73–102). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland, D. S. (2010). Essential readings on early literacy. Newark: International Reading Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. M., Short, R. A., Frye, B. J., & Shearer, B. A. (1992). Classroom teachers prevent reading failure among low-achieving first-grade students. The Reading Teacher, 45, 592–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tikunoff, W. J. (1983). Compatibility of the SBIF features with other research instruction of LEP students. San Francisco: Far West Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaish, V., & Shegar, C. (2009). Asian pedagogy: Scaffolding in a Singaporean English classroom. In R. E. Silver, C. C. M. Goh, & L. Alsagoff (Eds.), Language learning in new English contexts: Studies of acquisition and development (pp. 75–90). London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Broek, P. (2001). The role of television viewing in the development of reading comprehension. Washington, DC: US Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanzek, J., & Vaughn, S. (2008). Response to varying amounts of time in reading intervention for students with low response to intervention. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(2), 126–142. doi:10.1177/0022219407313426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehurst, G. J., Arnold, D. H., Epstein, J. N., Angell, A. L., Smith, M., & Fischel, J. E. (1994). A picture book reading intervention in daycare and home for children from low-income families. Developmental Psychology, 30(5), 679–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, R. Y. L. (2007). Reading is usually a passage followed by a set of questions for the kids: Primary 3 reading lessons in Singapore. In V. Vaish, S. Gopinathan, & Y.-B. Liu (Eds.), Language, capital, culture: Critical studies of language and education in Singapore (pp. 103–115). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaslow, M., Tout, K., Halle, T., & Starr, R. (2011). Professional development for early childhood educators: Reviewing and revising conceptualizations. In S. B. Neuman & D. K. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook of early literacy research (Vol. 3, pp. 425–434). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This chapter refers to data from the research project “A Reading Intervention Model to Improve Reading Instruction in Primary Schools” (CRP 18/05 CS) funded by the Centre for Research in Pedagogy and Practice, National Institute of Education (NIE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The views expressed in this paper are the authors’ and do not necessarily represent the views of NIE. The authors wish to express their gratitude to the participating schools, teachers and students.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chitra Shegar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shegar, C., Ward, C.S. (2016). A Reading Profile of Singapore Primary 1 Students and Implications for Reading Pedagogy. In: Elaine Silver, R., Bokhorst-Heng, W. (eds) Quadrilingual Education in Singapore. Education Innovation Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-967-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-967-7_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-287-965-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-287-967-7

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics