Exploration and Development Among Difficulties and Setbacks (1985–1991)

Abstract

The period from 1985 to 1991 could be called a phase of exploration in all-around reforms in China. It had characteristics different from the previous phase. If to take the first step to break through the constraints is most difficult, it is even more uneasy to carry on reforms deeper in every walks of life throughout China, which has such a great population, a poor and backward economy, and a severe disparity among different regions, to realize its transition to a modern country. The overall objectives of reform were still unclear and subject to disputes. The old system suffered violent smashes, and some part of it had been destroyed, but it still possessed power and continued to cast its influence. The new system was yet to be organized in a systematic way. The conflicts, frictions, and clashes between the old and the new could be seen everywhere so that mistakes were avoidable in decision-making. During this period, the reform of the state-owned enterprises didn’t won great breakthrough. The decrease in agricultural production in 1985 and the 3 years’ lingering at the low level overshadowed the joy brought about by rural reforms, and the prevalence of corruption was also concerned about. On the other side of the story, the emergence of village and township enterprises instilled huge vigor to the reform. Although the irresistible strong momentum became weaken, “development is of overriding importance,” and the practice proved that only if we abide by the principle of reform and opening up, keep economic growth and ensure that the achievement of reform be shared by the masses, the reform would win the people’s support, keep going in spite of all difficulties, and be carried out in one field after another in a pioneering spirit. The years from 1985 to 1991 witnessed so many hardships and twists and turns in this course that it would be better to discuss the problems of varied types rather than chronologically.