Abstract
Legally, adat (pertaining to customary law) forests are defined as state forest located in an adat community area. The creation of the adat forestry concept is significant, because it is the first time in Indonesian legal history that a national law supports the territorial transformation of forests to adat land.
This chapter previously published in the Journal of South Pacific Studies, Kagoshima University, and Research Center for The Pacific Islands, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2014, pp. 71–98. The chapter explains the meaning of the Adat community and forest relating to the conflict of interest in the forest land between governments supported by private companies versus the local indigenous people.
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Notes
- 1.
Merbau--> is the most commonly used name for the genus Intsia spp., which comprises three separate species: Intsia bijuga, Intsia palembanica, and Intsia retusa. Merbau is also known as kwila in Papua New Guinea, ipil in the Philippines, and kayu besi in Borneo/Kalimantan. Intsia bijuga and Intsia palembanica are mostly found in Papua-Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and Intsia palembanica in Malaysia. Within Indonesia merbau is virtually confined to the province of Papua. The dark timber is widely used for high-class general construction, exterior joinery, flooring, outdoor furniture, and so on. Prices of Merbau timber vary, but are around US$150–200 per m3 for the logs and US$450–$600 for sawn timber at the point of export (See The Last Frontier 2004: 5).
- 2.
Obidzinski, K, Andrianto, A and Wijaya, C “Cross-border timber trade in Indonesia: Critical or overstated problem? Forest governance--> lessons from Kalimantan,” in International Forestry Review, Vol. 9 (1).
- 3.
See paper “The Last Frontier: Illegal Logging--> in Papua and China’s Massive Timber Theft,” investigation report was carried out by Telapak and ELA NGOs-->, Bogor, 2004.
- 4.
See “Targeting Illegal Logging--> in West Papua,” in Down to Earth Report No. 65, May 2005. (http://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/story/targeting-illegal-logging-west papua). Accessed December 28, 2012.
- 5.
UNEP, “The World List of Threatened Trees,” 1996.
- 6.
WWF, “The Timber Footprint of the G8 and China,” June 2002.
- 7.
See, “Papua Refuses to Revoke Logging Licenses,” Jakarta Post, 25 March 2003.
- 8.
See “Court Issues Unclear Ruling in Papua,” Jakarta Post, November 12, 2003.
- 9.
Letter from Richard Goodfellow dated April 18, 2005 (cf. http://www.downearth-indonesia/org/story).
- 10.
See “Targeting Illegal Logging--> in West Papua,” in Down to Earth Report (http://www.downtoearth-indonesia/org/story). It was taken on December 28, 2012.
- 11.
Inhutani major shareholder is state business enterprise. The aim for establishing Inhutani was to carry out logging concession-->s in the outer islands such as Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. In contrast, the name Perhutani --> is also owned by state business enterprise but is the main field for planting and selling teak plantations and their concentration area in Java Island. Most the performance of Inhutani is rather bad on being profitable, because the company was filled with collusion and corruption among Inhutani officers in relation to the Ministry of Forestry officers.
- 12.
These land conflicts occurred in many districts in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua because of macro mapping from logging concession--> holders annexing the customary forest rights of an indigenous people or local communities. See Tjitrajaya, Iwan, “Differential Access to Resources and Conflict resolution in a Forest Concession in Papua (Irian Jaya),” in EKONESIA: A Journal of Indonesian Human Ecology, Anthropological Ecology Development, The Indonesian University, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1993; Hidayat, Herman,“Empowering Economic Communities Through Village Forest Development”: in Case of Muara Gusik-->, Kutai-->, East Kalimantan-->, in ANALISIS, Journal of CSIS, Jakarta, September, 1997.
- 13.
Social management is range of activities that aims to improve benefits and to reduce minimal impact on forest management--> units whether by logging and industrial timber activities on the living of local communities from crossing generations (based on Indonesian Ecolab Standard Institute/LEI 5000 year 2000).
- 14.
Radio New Zealand International report, October 9, 2007.
- 15.
“Indonesia and biofuel fever,” DTE Newsletter, No. 74, August, 2007.
- 16.
“Pressure mount against EU biofuel targets,” DTE Newsletter, No. 72, March, 2007.
- 17.
Kartikasari et al. 2012. “Threats to Biodiversity,” The Ecology of Papua. Indonesia Series Volume VI. Jakarta: Obor Press.
- 18.
ICG “Indonesia Papua: A local perspective on the conflict” Asia Briefing No. 66, July 2007.
- 19.
See (http”//www.presidensby.info), accessed source 20 November 2012.
- 20.
See “A Small Paradise That Will Be Annihilated: View From Merauke, West Papua” (http://westpapuamedia.info 2010/09/05). Accessed December 5, 2012.
- 21.
Office for Justice and Peace of the Archdiocese of Merauke (SKP-KAM); Papua NGOs--> Cooperation Forum (Foker LSM); Solidarity for Papuans (SORPATOM); and the Indigenous People’s Alliance of Indonesia (AMAN).
- 22.
See paper entitled:” Request for consideration on customary people (Masyarakat Adat) in Merauke, Papua Province to the United Nations Committee for Erasing Race Discrimination on April 23, 2010 (http://www.aman.or.id/in/masyarakat-adat/masalah-adat/179.html).
- 23.
There was hard debate in the Indonesian Parliament after the Soeharto regime--> stepped down in May 1998 regarding the “re-contract” review between the Indonesian government with mining, oil, and gas investors. Under the previous contract with investors, huge income was “corrupted” by high government officials and cronies of Soeharto regime, for instance, regarding the Freeport--> Company which includes strategic mining exploration: the Indonesian parliament proposed the reformation government, in Abdurrahman Wahid’s regime (2000–2001) to make a new contract to request a bigger share of dividends from 9 % in the 1967 Contract and extension from 12 % in 1991 to become 25–30 % because in previous years, Freeport with products of gold and copper has been receiving lucrative profits in the international market. This bigger dividend is considered very significant and aimed at receiving foreign exchange earnings more productive to provide public funds such as for education and the health care system in Indonesia.
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Hidayat, H. (2016). Government Versus Local Indigenous People in Papua. In: Forest Resources Management in Indonesia (1968-2004). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-745-1_7
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