Skip to main content

Special Types of Finger Reconstruction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Atlas of Finger Reconstruction
  • 284 Accesses

Abstract

In the history of finger reconstruction, there are many key figures and landmark surgical methods, which have had a decisive impact on the later generations. In recent years, some scholars have made a lot of explorations in the reconstruction methods, especially in the aspect of aesthetics and shape, and put forward the methods and concepts of “aesthetic reconstruction” and “comprehensive reconstruction,” so that the thumb and finger reconstruction is transformed from a simple “moving” and “transplantation” to a reconstruction mode aiming at restoring the appearance and function of the original finger as far as possible. But no matter what method is used to reconstruct the thumb or finger, free-toe transplantation is still the most widely used method in the clinic. With the rapid development of microsurgery technology and the concept of “super microsurgery,” finger reconstruction has been improved continuously depending on the specific situation of the defect tissue, and is getting closer to the ideal perfect level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

  • Foucher G, Nagel D. "Custom-made" toe transfer for partial thumb amputation. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 1998. 2(3): 210-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Upton J, Mutimer K. A modification of the great-toe transfer for thumb reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988. 82(3): 535-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin PY, Sebastin SJ, Ono S, Bellfi LT, Chang KW, Chung KC. A systematic review of outcomes of toe-to-thumb transfers for isolated traumatic thumb amputation. Hand (N Y). 2011. 6(3): 235-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • May JW. Aesthetic and functional thumb reconstruction: great toe to hand transfer. Clin Plast Surg. 1981. 8(2): 357-62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirasé Y, Kojima T, Matsui M. Aesthetic fingertip reconstruction with a free vascularized nail graft: a review of 60 flaps involving partial toe transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997. 99(3): 774-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitkus K. Aesthetic reconstruction of long fingers with toe-to-hand transfer. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1988. 4(5): 369-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng G, Fang G, Hou S, et al. Aesthetic reconstruction of thumb or finger partial defect with trimmed toe-flap transfer. Microsurgery. 2007. 27(2): 74-83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang DC, Jeng SF, Lin CH. Aesthetic refinements in toe-to-hand transfer surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996. 98(3): 485-90.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Oña I R, Garcia VA, de Oya A S. An Alternative Thumb Reconstruction by Double Microsurgical Transfer From the Great and Second Toe for a Carpometacarpal Amputation. J Hand Surg Am. 2018. 43(10): 955.e1-955.e9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang G, Ju J, Li L, Tang L, Fu Y, Hou R. Combination free foot flaps for digit reconstruction: A retrospective analysis of 37 cases. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2019. 72(5): 729-736.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Colony LH, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Noordhoff MS. Combined second and third toe transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989. 84(4): 651-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauch RJ, Wei FC, Chen SH. Composite finger metacarpophalangeal joint reconstruction in combined second and third free toe-to-hand transfers. J Hand Surg Am. 1993. 18(6): 972-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woo SH, Lee GJ, Kim KC, Ha SH, Kim JS. Cosmetic reconstruction of distal finger absence with partial second toe transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006. 59(4): 317-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang QL, Chai YM, Chen W, Zeng BF. Digital reconstruction and donor site resurfacing: a two-flap technique. Microsurgery. 2007. 27(5): 470-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim HS, Lee DC, Kim JS, et al. Donor-Site Morbidity after Partial Second Toe Pulp Free Flap for Fingertip Reconstruction. Arch Plast Surg. 2016. 43(1): 66-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung PC. Double toe transfers. J Hand Surg Br. 1987. 12(2): 162-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del PF. Extreme Thumb Losses: Reconstructive Strategies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019. 144(3): 665-677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn SB, Park HJ, Kang HJ, Kang ES. Finger reconstruction with a free neurovascular wrap-around flap from the big toe. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2001. 17(5): 319-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen HC, Tang YB, Wei FC, Noordhoff MS. Finger reconstruction with triple toe transfer from the same foot for a patient with a special job and previous foot trauma. Ann Plast Surg. 1991. 27(3): 272-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshima I, Kawada S, Etoh H, Saisho H, Moriguchi T. Free combined thin wrap-around flap with a second toe proximal interphalangeal joint transfer for reconstruction of the thumb. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995. 96(5): 1205-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobbett JR. Free digital transfer. Report of a case of transfer of a great toe to replace an amputated thumb. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1969. 51(4): 677-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rui Y, Mi J, Shi H, Zhang Z, Yan H. Free great toe wrap-around flap combined with second toe medial flap for reconstruction of completely degloved fingers. Microsurgery. 2010. 30(6): 449-56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenker M, Kelley SP, Kay SP. Free hand-to-toe transfer: a method to minimise donor-site morbidity in free joint transfers. Br J Plast Surg. 2003. 56(1): 57-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Xie Z, Lei Y, Song J, Guo Q, Xiao J. Free second toe one-stage-plasty and transfer for thumb or finger reconstruction. Microsurgery. 2008. 28(1): 25-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel RK, Weiland AJ. Free tissue transfers for upper extremity reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 1982. 7(1): 66-76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu YD, Zhang GM, Cheng DS, Yan JG, Chen XM. Free toe transfer for thumb and finger reconstruction in 300 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993. 91(4): 693-700; discussion 701-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien B, Gould JS, Morrison WA, Russell RC, MacLeod AM, Pribaz JJ. Free vascularized small joint transfer to the hand. J Hand Surg Am. 1984. 9(5): 634-41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai TM, Lim BH. Free vascularized transfer of the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the second toe for reconstruction of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb and index finger using a single vascular pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996. 98(6): 1080-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzu İM, Kayan RB, Öztürk K, Güneren E. Functional Improvement with Free Vascularized Toe-to-hand Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint Transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2018. 6(7): e1775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Seah CS, Chen HC, Chuang CC. Functional and esthetic reconstruction of a mutilated hand using multiple toe transfers and iliac osteocutaneous flap: a case report. Microsurgery. 1993. 14(6): 388-90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin CH, Lin YT, Sassu P, Lin CH, Wei FC. Functional assessment of the reconstructed fingertips after free toe pulp transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007. 120(5): 1315-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayyala HS, Condé-Green A, Datiashvili R. Great Toe-to-Thumb Hemi-Pulp Transfer. Eplasty. 2016. 16: ic33.

    Google Scholar 

  • May JW, Daniel RK. Great toe to hand free tissue transfer. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978. (133): 140-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • May JW, Bartlett SP. Great toe-to-hand free tissue transfer for thumb reconstruction. Hand Clin. 1985. 1(2): 271-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woo SH, Kim JS, Seul JH. Immediate toe-to-hand transfer in acute hand injuries: overall results, compared with results for elective cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004. 113(3): 882-92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camporro D, González I, Martín C. Isolated second toe transfer after total amputation of the left fifth finger in a professional guitar player. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014. 39(9): 1003-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Coskunfirat OK, Lin CH, Lin YT. Isolated third-toe transfer: indications, technique, and reliability. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005. 115(5): 1314-21; discussion 1322-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitkus K, Vitkus M, Krivulin A. Long-term measurement of innervation density in second toe-to-thumb transfers receiving immediate postoperative sensory reeducation. Microsurgery. 1989. 10(3): 245-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hierner R, Berger AK. Long-term results after vascularised joint transfer for finger joint reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008. 61(11): 1338-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu YD, Cheng DS, Zhang GM, Chen XM, Xu JG, Yang XB. Long-term results of toe transfer: retrospective analysis. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1997. 13(6): 405-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucher G, Nagle DJ. Microsurgical reconstruction of fingers and fingertips. Hand Clin. 1999. 15(4): 597-606, viii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Chen SH. Microsurgical thumb reconstruction with toe transfer: selection of various techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994. 93(2): 345-51; discussion 352-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adani R, Woo SH. Microsurgical thumb repair and reconstruction. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2017. 42(8): 771-788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu L, Gu YD, Xu JG, Rui YJ, Shou KS. Microsurgical treatment for bilateral thumb defect: five case reports. Microsurgery. 2003. 23(6): 547-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison WA. Microvascular nail transfer. Hand Clin. 1990. 6(1): 69-76; discussion 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • el-Gammal TA, Wei FC. Microvascular reconstruction of the distal digits by partial toe transfer. Clin Plast Surg. 1997. 24(1): 49-55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucher G, Moss AL. Microvascular second toe to finger transfer: a statistical analysis of 55 transfers. Br J Plast Surg. 1991. 44(2): 87-90.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien B, MacLeod AM, Sykes PJ, Browning FS, Threlfall GN. Microvascular second toe transfer for digital reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 1978. 3(2): 123-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai TM, Falconer D. Modified great toe wrap for thumb reconstruction. Microsurgery. 1986. 7(4): 193-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ju JH, Hou RX. One-stage cosmetic finger reconstruction using a second toe island flap containing terminal branches of the toe artery. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015. 101(3): 345-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheema TA, Miller S. One-stage osteoplastic reconstruction of the thumb. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2009. 13(3): 130-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cong HB, Chang SM, Qiao YP, Wang CL, Sui HM, Cong L. One-stage reconstruction of complicated thumb injury with combination of microsurgical transplantations. Microsurgery. 2007. 27(3): 181-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • del PF, García-Bernal FJ, Delgado J, Regalado J, Sanmartín M, García-Fernández D. Overcoming soft-tissue deficiency in toe-to-hand transfer using a dorsalis pedis fasciosubcutaneous toe free flap: Surgical technique. J Hand Surg Am. 2005. 30(1): 111-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dautel G, Gouzou S, Vialaneix J, Faivre S. PIP reconstruction with vascularized PIP joint from the second toe: minimizing the morbidity with the "dorsal approach and short-pedicle technique". Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2004. 8(3): 173-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee DC, Kim JS, Ki SH, Roh SY, Yang JW, Chung KC. Partial second toe pulp free flap for fingertip reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008. 121(3): 899-907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai TY, Fries CA, Hsiao JC, et al. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Toe-to-Hand Transfer: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019. 143(4): 1122-1132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salon A, Journeau P, Drape JL. Post-traumatic distal interphalangeal finger joint reconstruction using a free hemi-joint transfer from the fifth toe middle phalanx. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005. 14(2): 116-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose EH, Hendel P. Primary toe-to-thumb transfer in the acutely avulsed thumb. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981. 67(2): 214-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung PC. Problems in toe-to-hand transfers. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1983. 12(2 Suppl): 377-81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chi Z, Song DJ, Tian L, Hu FH, Shen XF, Chim H. Reconstruction of combined thumb amputation at the metacarpal base level and index amputation at the metacarpal level with pollicization and bilateral double toe composite transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2017. 70(8): 1009-1016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong VW, Yousaf IS, Higgins JP, Katz RD. Reconstruction of digit planer injuries using component transfer of double second toes: A case report. Microsurgery. 2019. 39(4): 364-368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lister GD, Kalisman M, Tsai TM. Reconstruction of the hand with free microneurovascular toe-to-hand transfer: experience with 54 toe transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983. 71(3): 372-86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Noordhoff MS. Reconstruction of the thumb with a trimmed-toe transfer technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988. 82(3): 506-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei JN, Wang SH, Li YN. Reconstruction of the thumb. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987. (215): 24-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Liu L, Liu G, et al. Repair of thumb defect by using the toenail flap: biomechanical analysis of donor foot-a retrospective cohort study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019. 14(1): 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimata Y, Mukouda M, Mizuo H, Harii K. Second toe plantar flap for partial finger reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998. 101(1): 101-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho BC, Lee DH, Park JW, Byun JS, Baik BS. Second toe to index finger transfer. Br J Plast Surg. 2000. 53(4): 324-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitz V. Second toe to thumb transfer with extensor digitorum brevis opponensplasty. Ann Plast Surg. 1986. 17(3): 259-62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai TM, McCabe S, Beatty ME. Second toe transfer for thumb reconstruction in multiple digit amputations including thumb and basal joint. Microsurgery. 1987. 8(3): 146-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yazici I, Cavusoglu T, Karakaya EI, Vural AC, Vargel I. Second toe-to-thumb transfer with transposition of the thumb stump to second finger. Injury. 2013. 44(6): 876-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham D, Bhardwaj P, Sabapathy SR. Secondary Thumb Reconstruction in a Mutilated Hand. Hand Clin. 2016. 32(4): 533-547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung PC. Sensory recovery in transplanted toes. Microsurgery. 1989. 10(3): 242-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coskunfirat OK, Wei FC, Lin CH, Chen HC, Lin YT. Simultaneous double second toe transfer for reconstruction of adjacent fingers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005. 115(4): 1064-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Noordhoff MS. Simultaneous multiple toe transfers in hand reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988. 81(3): 366-77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Yim KK. Single third-toe transfer in hand reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 1995. 20(3): 388-94; discussion 395-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshima I, Etoh H, Moriguchi T, Soeda S. Sixty cases of partial or total toe transfer for repair of finger losses. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993. 92(7): 1331-8; discussion 1339-41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu Z, Huang Y. Sixty-four cases of thumb and finger reconstruction using transplantation of the big toe skin-nail flap combined with the second toe or the second and third toes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000. 106(2): 335-41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakazawa H, Nozaki M, Kikuchi Y, Honda T, Isago T, Sasaki K. Successful reconstruction of the ring finger using a twisted toe flap. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2004. 20(8): 615-9; discussion 620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin YT. Technical keys in maximizing finger proximal interphalangeal joint motion after vascularized toe joint transfers. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2019. 44(7): 667-675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu CC, CYY L, Kao D, Moran SL, Lin YT. The impact of transferred vascularized toe joint length on motion arc of reconstructed finger proximal interphalangeal joints: a cadaveric study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2017. 42(8): 789-793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valauri FA, Buncke HJ. Thumb and finger reconstruction by toe-to-hand transfer. Hand Clin. 1992. 8(3): 551-74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucher G, Binhamer P. Thumb reconstruction by micro-vascular techniques. Int Angiol. 1995. 14(3): 313-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung PC. Thumb reconstruction using second-toe transfer. Hand Clin. 1985. 1(2): 285-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung PC. Thumb reconstruction using second-toe transfer. Hand. 1983. 15(1): 15-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry SL, Wei FC. Thumb reconstruction with toe transfer. J Hand Microsurg. 2010. 2(2): 72-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valauri FA, Buncke HJ. Thumb reconstruction--great toe transfer. Clin Plast Surg. 1989. 16(3): 475-89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich JB, Vedder NB. Thumb reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg. 2011. 38(4): 697-712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganske JG. Toe to hand transfer as an option for thumb reconstruction. Iowa Med. 1987. 77(12): 596-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demirkan F, Wei FC, Jeng SF, Cheng SL, Lin CH, Chuang DC. Toe transplantation for isolated index finger amputations distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999. 103(2): 499-507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Jiang C, Xu Y, Sun Y. Toe-to-finger combined with free flap transfer for primary one-stage post-traumatic reconstruction of the complex fingerless hand. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2017. 70(12): 1708-1714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishijima N, Yamamuro T, Fujio K. Toe-to-finger transfer combined with wrap-around flap: a new technique for four-finger amputation. J Hand Surg Am. 1995. 20(2): 213-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson JS, Manktelow RT, Kelly L, Marcuzzi A, Mahabir RC. Toe-to-finger transfer for post-traumatic reconstruction of the fingerless hand. Can J Surg. 2001. 44(4): 275-83.

    Google Scholar 

  • May JW, Smith RJ, Peimer CA. Toe-to-hand free tissue transfer for thumb construction with multiple digit aplasia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981. 67(2): 205-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raveendran SS, Syed M, Shibu M. Toe-to-hand transfer in a severely burned upper limb: a surgical dilemma. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009. 62(11): e463-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura M. Toe-to-hand transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980. 66(1): 74-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu YD, Zhang GM, Chen DS, Yan JG, Chen XM. Toe-to-hand transfer: an analysis of 14 failed cases. J Hand Surg Am. 1993. 18(5): 823-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura M, Nomura S, Yamauchi S, Umeda S, Ueno T, Iwai Y. Toe-to-hand transfer: experience with thirty-eight digits. Aust N Z J Surg. 1980. 50(3): 248-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gülgönen A, Gudemez E. Toe-to-hand transfers: more than 20 years follow-up of five post-traumatic cases. J Hand Surg Br. 2006. 31(1): 2-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei FC, Jain V, Chen SH. Toe-to-hand transplantation. Hand Clin. 2003. 19(1): 165-75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai TM, Aziz W. Toe-to-thumb transfer: a new technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991. 88(1): 149-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pisarek W. Transfer of the third, fourth and fifth toes for one-stage reconstruction of the thumb and two fingers. Br J Plast Surg. 1990. 43(2): 244-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sastre N, Caravantes MI, Mayoral-Garcia C. Two-stage toe-to-thumb reconstruction in pollicized second metacarpal and useless fingers. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1996. 12(7): 431-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen HY, Lin YT, Lo S, Hsu CC, Lin CH, Wei FC. Vascularised toe proximal interphalangeal joint transfer in posttraumatic finger joint reconstruction: the effect of skin paddle design on extensor lag. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2014. 67(1): 56-62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim HS, Jeong TW, Park SH, Lee BI. Vascularized Partial Free Toe Tissue Transfer Under Local Anesthesia. Ann Plast Surg. 2015. 75(5): 539-42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis PR, Hanna D, Tsai TM. Vascularized single toe joint transfer to the hand. J Hand Surg Am. 1991. 16(1): 160-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng G, Fang G, Hou S, et al.Aesthetic reconstruction of thumb or finger partial de'feet with trimmed toe—flap transfer. Mierosurgery 2007; 27: 74-83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing S, Shen Z, Jia W, et al. Aesthetic and functional results from nailfold recession following fingertip amputations[J]. J Hand SurgAm, 2015, 40(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.09.010.

  • Yu GR, Yuan F, Chang SM, et al Microsurgical second dorsal metacarpal artery cutaneous and tenOcutaneOus flap for distal finger reconstruction: anatomic study and clinical application. Microsurgery, 2005;25(1):30-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salon A, Journeau P, Drape JL Post⋅traumatic distal interphalangeal finger joint reconstruction using a free hemi-joint transfer from the fifth toe middle phalanx J Pediatr Orthop B 2005;14(2):116—119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison WA, Obrim BM, Maeleod AM. Thumb reconstruction with a free neurovascular wrap-around flap from the big toe. J Hand Surg AM, 1980, 5(6): 575—583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura N, Saitoh M, Hasumi T et al. A “sandwich toe” flap: a new strategy for reconstruction of the distal phalanx of the finger. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 1 16(1): 251-257

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama T, Hosaka Y, Kusano T, et al Finger palmar surface reconstruction using medial plantar venous flap: possibility of sensory restoration without neurorrhaphy. Ann Plast Surg 2006:57(5):552—556

    Google Scholar 

  • Woo SH, Lee GJ, Kim KC.et al Cosmetic reconstruction of distal finger absence with partial second toe transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006;59(4):317—324

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Qattan MM.De—epithelialized cross-finger flaps versus adipofascial turnover flaps for the reconstruction of small complex dorsal digital defects:a comparative analysis.J Hand Surg Am 2005:30(3):549-557

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishida O, Taniguchi Y, Sunagawa T, et al.Pollicization of the index finger for traumatic thumb amputation.Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 1 17(3):909—914

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeishi M, Ishida K, Kurihara K.Free dorsal middle phalangeal finger flap.J Reconstr Microsurg 2006;22(7):493-498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josty IC, Laing JH, Dent C.Reconstruction of disruptions of the deep transverse metacarpal ligament of the ring finger using the A1 pulleys.J Hand Surg 2006;31(4):439-440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng G, Fang G, Hou S, et al, Aesthetic reconstruction of thumb or finger partial defect with trimmed toe-flap transfer.Microsurgery 2007;2f21:74.83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coskunfirat OK, Wei FC, Lin CH, et al.Simultaneous double second toe transfer for reconstruction of adjacent fingers.Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 115(41):1084—1069.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slesarenko Y.Minimally invasive technique for finger flexor pulley reconstruction.Hand Surg 2006; 1 1f3):153-157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adani R,Marcoccio I,Tarallo L. Nail lengthening and Fingertip Amputations Plast[J].Reconstr Surg; 2003 Oct, 112(5):1287-1294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinert HE, Kadsan ML, Romero JL. Small blood vessel anastomosis for salvage of severely injured upper extremity. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1963;45:788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komatsu S, Tamai S. Successful replantation of a completely cutoff thumb: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1968;42:374–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng GL, Pan DD, Zhang NP, Fang GR. Digital replantation in children: a long-term follow-up study.J Hand Surg Am. 1998 Jul;23(4):635-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godina M, Bajec J, Baraga A. Salvage of the mutilated upper extremity with temporary ectopic implantation of the undamaged part. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1986,78:295-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernofsky MA, Sauer PF. Temporary ectopic implantation. J Hand Surg [Am], 1990,15:910-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallock GG. Transient single-digit ectopic implantation. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1992,8:309-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matloub HS, Yousif NJ, Sanger JR. Temporary ectopic implantation of an amputated penis. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1994,93:408-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf P, Groner R, Horl W, et al. Temporary ectopic implantation for salvage of amputated digits. Br J Plast Surg, 1996,49:174-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayikcioglu A, Agaoglu G, Nasir S, et al. Crossover replantation and fillet flap coverage of the stump after ectopic implantation: a case of bilateral leg amputation. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2000,106:868-73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeatts RP, Hoopes PC Jr, Saunders SS. Eyelid replantation eight months after traumatic avulsion. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg, 2004,20:390-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhach J, Oufqir AA, Baudet J, et al. [Salvage of amputated digits by temporary ectopic implantation]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet, 2005,50:35-42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhach J, Katrana F, Panconi B, et al. Temporary ectopic digital implantation: A clinical series of eight digits. J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavadas PC, Landin L, Navarro-Monzones A, et al. Salvage of impending replant failure by temporary ectopic replantation: a case report. J Hand Surg [Am], 2006,31:463-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson JE, Hassan MS, Kay SP. Temporary ectopic implantation of digits prior to reconstruction of a hand without metacarpals. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2007,60:856-60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramdas S, Thomas A, Arun Kumar S. Temporary ectopic testicular replantation, refabrication and orthotopic transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2007,60:700-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Ni GH, Guo Z, et al. Salvage of amputated thumbs by temporary ectopic implantation. Microsurgery, 2008,28:559-64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou MW, Song J, Song L, et al. The big toe wrap-around flap combination of the second phalange with the metatarsal to reconstruct the thumb. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2018,41(1):31-34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang KL, Xiao CS, Ye ZH, et al. The hallux nail flap combination of the second phalange with the tibia lateral diamond shaped flap, joint, and tendon composite tissue to reconstruct the thumb. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2016,39(3): 241-245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao XX, Chen JF, Chang RG, et al. Subemergency reconstruction of grade III and IV thumb defect by great toe wrap-around flap combined with the tissue flap of second toe. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2015. 38(3): 254-257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Ju JH, Cui LJ, et al. Thumb reconstruction using wrap-around flap from the big toe, dorsalis pedis flap and iliac crest bone graft: a report of 5 cases. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2016. 32(5): 325-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang YP, Chen Z, Wang X, et al. A method of reconstruction of type II b defect of thumb both and reserving the length of the donor toe. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2014. 37(4): 352-355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng GL, Fang GR, Pan DD, et al. Reconstruction and respiration of thumb and finger defect with various kinds of toe tissue transplantation. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 1995. (04): 200-203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen WW, Wei P, Wang YJ, et al. Thumb reconstruction using wrap-around flap from the big toe with the distal phalanx and the skin island of the second toe: a clinical study. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2013. 29(2): 79-81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng H, Gao XJ, Yang FQ, et al. Reconstruction of grade II and III thumb defect by great toe wrap-around flap with interphalangeal joint. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2008. 24(4): 237-238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng GL, Liu YP, Chen YQ, et al. Aesthetic digital reconstruction with one stage second toe transfer: clinical research and application. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2017. 33(4): 275-278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang JC, Zhao BX, Liu JW, et al. The first dorsal metacarpal artery fasciocutaneous flap transfer to improve appearance of the thumb reconstructed by second toe transfer. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2006. 22(5): 299-300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang XX, Long DY, Li J, et al. Application of three-dimensional reconstruction images of the first metatarsal dorsal artery CT in thumb reconstruction. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2013. 36(5): 443-446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li JN, Ju JH, Wang SF, et al. Reconstruction of metacarpal joint plane defects of multiple fingers. Journal of Practical Hand Surgery. 2012. 26(3): 222-225,228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai XY, Min JH, He ZJ, et al. Emergency one-stage replantation and reconstruction for multiple digital amputation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA, 2007. 9(10): 999-1000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang GR, Ding XH, Qu ZG, et al. A modified toe-to-hand transfer: ante-rotation of metatarsophalangeal joint. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2004. 27(4): 241-242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mou Y, Huang D, Wu WZ, et al. Anatomy of thumb reconstruction by transferring modified great toe skin-nail flap and second toe. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ANATOMY, 2010. 28(2): 131-134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao XZ, Yu YD, Ma WS, et al. Capsuloplasty in reconstruction of class II defect of the thumb: observation of clinical outcomes. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2009. 25(6): 354-355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu MW, Feng CC, Yang DY, et al. Emergency reconstruction of the digital tip. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2002. 18(2): 103-104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qu ZG, Fang GR, Ding XH, et al. Reconstruction of end section defect of thumb and finger. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2008. 31(4): 267-269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qu ZG, Fang GR, Cheng GL, et al. Reconstruction of I and II degree defect of thumb and finger. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDICS, 2002. 22(7): 386-389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou SJ, Cheng GL, Fang GR, et al. Etiology and management of vascular compromise in toe-to-hand transfer(an analysis of 164 cases). Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2005. 28(2): 130-132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu GY, Cheng YC, Zhu XW, et al. Clinical application of reconstructive surgical procedures of thumb. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2013. 36(3): 241-244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song JX, Dong RC, Liu GW, et al. Early microsurgical repair and reconstruction of severe thumb injury. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2003. 19(3): 171-172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang K, Ju JH, Jin GZ, et al. Reconstruction of proximal thumb plane defect with iliac bone combined with the same pedicled toenail and dorsum pedis flaps. Chinese Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2019. 35(2): 162-165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng P, Hou SJ, Sun LT, et al. Emergency hand reconstruction of five fingers' missing. Journal of Practical Hand Surgery, 2018. 32(03): 276-277

    Google Scholar 

  • Nie JX, Wu YY, Liang DF, et al. Clinical effect of full reconstruction for distal thumb and finger defect. 2016. 19(4): 444-447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun WH, Wang ZT, Qiu SQ. Full reconstruction of IV to VI-degree finger defect. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2011. 34(4): 269-271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou SJ, Cheng GL, Fang GR, et al. Aesthetic reconstruction of distal finger or middle-distal finger segment with transplantation of 2nd, 3rd or 4th toe. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2009. 32(2): 110-112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang YX, Wang SS, Zhang S. Rehabilitation exercise of patients following finger reconstruction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF NURSING, 2008. 43(9): 784-785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu SQ, Wang ZT, Sun WH, et al. Donor site repair of great toe-nail flap in finger reconstruction surgery. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2011. 34(4): 272-275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JL, Xie ZR, Lei YW, et al. An elaborate operative approach about nali nail unit reconstruction by vascularized composite toe nail tissue transplantation. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2005. (04): 21-22+102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du D, Zhuang YQ, Jiang HL, et al. The application of double flap transfer in aesthetic reconstruction of the thumb. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2007. 23(4): 208-210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang QR, Shou KS, Shi HF, et al. Combined implantation of bilateral flaps of toe on reconstruction of thumb and other fingers in the skin degloving injury of the hand at one stage. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2006. (06): 419-421+481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu LY, Zhang ZQ, Ma LF, et al. Clinical experience of reconstruction of multiple finger defects with bilateral second toe transfer. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2014. 30(4): 281-282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng GL. A review and prospect of toe-to-hand transplantation in China. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2007. 23(02): 65-68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li MW, Ma LF, Zhang Z, et al. Hallux-nail flap with distal phalanx combined with iliac bone for reconstruction of thumb with III degree defect. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2018. 41(2): 129-132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shou KS, Zhang QR, Li XR, et al. Subemergent repair and reconstruction of thumb and finger: a report of 358 cases. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 1995. (04): 204-206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan CY, Zeng BF, Cai PH, et al. Reconstruction of serious thumb defects with first web space contracture. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA, 2003. 5(3): 173-175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang YP, Ding WQ, Yin SQ, et al. Repairing donor site of foot after improved toe-to-thumb reconstruction utilizing superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator chimeric flap. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2017. 40(3): 229-233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu ZH, Duan H, Zhang W, et al. Thumb reconstruction by transplanting of second toe tissue and t shape flap of big-toe fibular side free-graft. CHINESE JOURNAL OF AESTHETIC MEDICINE, 2009. 18(9): 1238-1239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou SJ, Cheng GL, Fang GR, et al. Reconstruction and repair of finger defects with free toe transplantation. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2001. (04): 22-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo A, Zhang GL, Xu ZY, et al. Application of nail lengthening in free second toe transfer for reconstruction of the thumb/finger. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2006. (06): 362-363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou ZB, Pan D, Tang JY, et al. Propeller flap based on the terminal dorsal perforator of proper palmar digital artery for reconstruction of fingertip defects. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2018. 41(2): 152-155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ju JH, Jin GZ, Liu YF, et al. Reconstruction of finger joints using the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second toe. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2009. 32(2): 107-109,2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng GL. Goals, surgical planning and techniques of toe-to-hand transfer. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2006. (01): 6-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang QL, Zhang CC, Xu SG. Evaluation of Clinical Results of Lesser Toe Transplantation for Segmental Finger Reconstruction. THE ORTHOPEDIC JOURNAL OF CHINA, 2003. (01): 19-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu YD, Chen DS, Zhang GM. Thumb and finger reconstruction by toe transplantation: a report of 400 cases. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 1995. (04): 195-199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang D, Mao LS, Jiang YH, et al. Clinical analysis of thumb and finger reconstruction with toe transplantation. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2002. (03): 13-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng GL, Pan DD, Yang ZX, et al. RECONSTRUCTION OF THUMB AND FINGER BY TRANSPLANTATION OF COMPOSITE TOE TISSUES: EXPERIENCE IN 208 CASES. CHINESE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA, 1991. (01): 22-24+64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin J, Yu YL, Wu C, et al. Emergency reconstruction of the complex dorsal digital defect using the composite flap with extensor tendon graft from the second toe. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY, 2011,27(2):101-1-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang QL, Zeng BF, Cai YM, et al. A new method for aesthetic refinement in second toe to finger transfer reconstructure surgery. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2008;31(1):9-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang GR, Ding XH, Qu ZG, et al. A modified toe-to-hand transfer: ante-rotation of metatarsophalangeal joint. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2004, 27(4):241-242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JS, Yang RX, Zhu QF, et al. Analysis of the Causes of Emergency Hand Trauma Postoperative Tendon Adhesion and Early Prevention Strategy. Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2015(20):14-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ju JH, Jin GZ, Liu YF, et al. Repair of proximal interphalangeal joint (finger) defects using the second toe proximal interphalangeal joint with skin flaps. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2009;25(4):239-241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang MF, Feng XM, Chen J, et al. Systematic rehabilitation nursing after second-toe transplantation and reconstruction of thumb. Modern Hospital, 2017;17(7):1091-1092.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan SX, Xiao YF, Wang YJ, et al. Replacement of damaged second metacarpophalangeal joint with pedicaled second metatarsophalangeal joint: 11 cases report. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2006;29:252-254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang ZT, Ding ZH, Zhou JY, et al. Transplant the big toe tip to reconstruct the finger tip. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2003;26(11):186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou LR, Cai RX, Wang W, et al. Combined transfer of the dorsal flap from the big toe and digital neurovascular island flap for thumb reconstruction. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2001;24(3):165-166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou SJ, Cheng GL, Fang GR, et al. Partial distal thumb reconstruction with great toe transfer. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2001;24(1):23-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Zhang CJ, Fu XM, et al. Repair of thumb and cutaneous deficiency with the second toe taking along dorsum of foot skin flap and footplate skin flap. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics, 2015,18 (4):469 -471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang WD, Zhao FL, Wang YB, et al. Clinical study on postoperative complications of foot after toe transplantation. Journal of Practical Hand Surgery, 2015,29(1):44 -46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou SJ, Cheng GL, Fang GR, et al. Repair of compound defect in the hand by compound or combined flap transfer. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2003;26(1):9—11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang LG, Huang JH. Clinical observations of nail bed defect reconstruction by autologous dermis grafts. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2012, 28(1): 39-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lv GX, Cheng GL, Pan DD, et al. Treatment of nail bed injury and post-traumatic nail deformity. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 1995,11(S1):17-18.

    Google Scholar 

  • He XQ, Xu YQ. An introduction to supermicrosurgery. Journal of Traumatic Surgery, 2017,19(1):1-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan T, Zhang GL, Chen CH, et al. Repairing nail bed defect of different kinds by corresponding operation methods. Journal of Practical Hand Surgery, 2016,30(3):291-294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou SJ, Cheng GL, Fang GR, et al. Repair of traumatic nail loss. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2002;18(4):209-210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li MW, Wu G, Luo CH, et al. Decorative repair of nail-bed defect at finger by partial nail-bed flap at second toe with blood-vessel anastomosed. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2017,40(5):445-448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu KL, Zhang YZ, Tian DH, et al. Repair of the half soft tissue and nail bed defects of distal part of thumb by using the fibular flaps of hallux with part of nail bed. Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, 2015,38(1):38-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lv GX, Cheng GL, Pan DD. Treatment of nail bed injury and post-traumatic nail deformity. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 1995,11(S1):17-18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang WQ, Xu YF, Wu MY, et al. Partial toenails flap to reconstruct thumb nail bed defect. Journal of Practical Hand Surgery, 2015,29(2):170-172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li WQ, Wang L, Gong WX, et al. Coverage of the thumb soft tissue defect by five kinds of flaps. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDICS, 2004,24(8):474-477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu XY, Zhang YL, Zhao LZ, et al. IMPROVED INDEX FINGER DORSAL ISLAND FLAP FOR PRIMARY REPAIR OF THUMB TIP INJURY. CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY, 2011,(4):412-415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hao RZ, Men Z, Yang HY, et al. Repair of distal finger degloving injury with homodigital flap based on the dorsal branch of the digital artery and adjacent finger island flap. Chinese Journal of Hand Surgery, 2017,(6):401-403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li WQ, Wang L, Gong YX, et al. Coverage of the thumb soft tissue defect by five kinds of flaps. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDICS, 2004,24(8):474-477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang JN, Zhang LB, Wang SY. FOLLOWING-UP STUDY ON RECOVERY OF AMPUTATED FOOT AFTER TEMPORARY ECTOPIC IMPLANTATION. CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY, 2008, 22(5):551-553.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lin, J., Wang, J., Hu, D., Xu, Y., Zhang, T. (2023). Special Types of Finger Reconstruction. In: Atlas of Finger Reconstruction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9612-2_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9612-2_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-9611-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-9612-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics