Skip to main content

Brief Overview of Breast Cancer Treatment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Practical Guide to Breast Cancer Treatment

Abstract

This chapter is a general overview briefly describing the treatment of breast cancer, intended to aid understanding of the various cases that will be mentioned in this book. Treatment for breast cancer includes local and systemic treatments, which are divided into pre-surgery neoadjuvant therapy and post-surgery adjuvant therapy. Local treatment consists of surgery and radiation therapy, with surgeries divided into breast surgery and axillary lymph node surgery. The drugs that can be used for systemic treatment include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, with a variety of drugs continually being developed and applied. This chapter aims to easily explain not only the traditional treatments that have been practiced and already verified for effectiveness, but also new proposed treatments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Halsted WS. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins hospital from June, 1889, to January, 1894. Ann Surg. 1894;20(5):497–555. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-189407000-00075.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Patey DH, Dyson WH. The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast in relation to the type of operation performed. Br J Cancer. 1948;2(1):7–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1948.2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Fisher B, Montague E, Redmond C, Deutsch M, Brown GR, Zauber A, et al. Findings from NSABP protocol no. B-04-comparison of radical mastectomy with alternative treatments for primary breast cancer. I. radiation compliance and its relation to treatment outcome. Cancer. 1980;46(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19800701)46:1<1::aid-cncr2820460102>3.0.co;2-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Fisher B, Wolmark N, Redmond C, Deutsch M, Fisher ER. Findings from NSABP protocol no. B-04: comparison of radical mastectomy with alternative treatments. II. The clinical and biologic significance of medial-central breast cancers. Cancer. 1981;48(8):1863–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19811015)48:8<1863::aid-cncr2820480825>3.0.co;2-u.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, Galimberti V, Luini A, Veronesi P, et al. Radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in small breast carcinoma: long-term results of a randomized trial. Ann Oncol. 2001;12(7):997–1003. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011136326943.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Veronesi U, Orecchia R, Luini A, Gatti G, Intra M, Zurrida S, et al. A preliminary report of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) in limited-stage breast cancers that are conservatively treated. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(17):2178–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00285-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Veronesi U, Saccozzi R, Del Vecchio M, Banfi A, Clemente C, De Lena M, et al. Comparing radical mastectomy with quadrantectomy, axillary dissection, and radiotherapy in patients with small cancers of the breast. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(1):6–11. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198107023050102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Arriagada R, Le MG, Rochard F, Contesso G. Conservative treatment versus mastectomy in early breast cancer: patterns of failure with 15 years of follow-up data. Institut Gustave-Roussy Breast Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(5):1558–64. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.5.1558.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Blichert-Toft M, Rose C, Andersen JA, Overgaard M, Axelsson CK, Andersen KW, et al. Danish randomized trial comparing breast conservation therapy with mastectomy: six years of life-table analysis. Danish breast cancer cooperative group. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1992;11:19–25.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, Margolese RG, Deutsch M, Fisher ER, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(16):1233–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fisher B, Jeong JH, Anderson S, Bryant J, Fisher ER, Wolmark N. Twenty-five-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing radical mastectomy, total mastectomy, and total mastectomy followed by irradiation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(8):567–75. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jacobson JA, Danforth DN, Cowan KH, d’Angelo T, Steinberg SM, Pierce L, et al. Ten-year results of a comparison of conservation with mastectomy in the treatment of stage I and II breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(14):907–11. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199504063321402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cabanas RM. An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer. 1977;39(2):456–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197702)39:2<456::aid-cncr2820390214>3.0.co;2-i.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg. 1992;127(4):392–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1992.01420040034005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Giuliano AE, Haigh PI, Brennan MB, Hansen NM, Kelley MC, Ye W, et al. Prospective observational study of sentinel lymphadenectomy without further axillary dissection in patients with sentinel node-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(13):2553–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.13.2553.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Giuliano AE, Jones RC, Brennan M, Statman R. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(6):2345–50. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.6.2345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lucci A, McCall LM, Beitsch PD, Whitworth PW, Reintgen DS, Blumencranz PW, et al. Surgical complications associated with sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) plus axillary lymph node dissection compared with SLND alone in the American college of surgeons oncology group trial Z0011. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(24):3657–63. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.07.4062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wilke LG, McCall LM, Posther KE, Whitworth PW, Reintgen DS, Leitch AM, et al. Surgical complications associated with sentinel lymph node biopsy: results from a prospective international cooperative group trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(4):491–500. https://doi.org/10.1245/ASO.2006.05.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Schwartz GF, Guiliano AE, Veronesi U, Consensus CC. Proceeding of the consensus conference of the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in carcinoma or the breast April 19-22, 2001, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Breast J. 2002;8(3):124–38. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4741.2002.08315.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fisher B, Wolmark N, Bauer M, Redmond C, Gebhardt M. The accuracy of clinical nodal staging and of limited axillary dissection as a determinant of histologic nodal status in carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1981;152(6):765–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kapteijn BA, Nieweg OE, Petersen JL, Rutgers EJ, Hart AA, van Dongen JA, et al. Identification and biopsy of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1998;24(5):427–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0748-7983(98)92372-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Rubio IT, Korourian S, Cowan C, Krag DN, Colvert M, Klimberg VS. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging breast cancer. Am J Surg. 1998;176(6):532–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(98)00264-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ho AL, Tyldesley S, Macadam SA, Lennox PA. Skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate autologous breast reconstruction in locally advanced breast cancer patients: a UBC perspective. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(3):892–900. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-011-1989-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Meretoja TJ, Rasia S, von Smitten KA, Asko-Seljavaara SL, Kuokkanen HO, Jahkola TA. Late results of skin-sparing mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction. Br J Surg. 2007;94(10):1220–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5815.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Atisha D, Alderman AK, Lowery JC, Kuhn LE, Davis J, Wilkins EG. Prospective analysis of long-term psychosocial outcomes in breast reconstruction: two-year postoperative results from the Michigan breast reconstruction outcomes study. Ann Surg. 2008;247(6):1019–28. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181728a5c.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cederna PS, Yates WR, Chang P, Cram AE, Ricciardelli EJ. Postmastectomy reconstruction: comparative analysis of the psychosocial, functional, and cosmetic effects of transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap versus breast implant reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;35(5):458–68. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199511000-00003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Dean C, Chetty U, Forrest AP. Effects of immediate breast reconstruction on psychosocial morbidity after mastectomy. Lancet. 1983;1(8322):459–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91452-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Anderson BO, Masetti R, Silverstein MJ. Oncoplastic approaches to partial mastectomy: an overview of volume-displacement techniques. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(3):145–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(05)01765-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Spear SL, Bulan EJ, Venturi ML. Breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(7 Suppl):188S–96S; discussion 97S–98S. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000135945.02642.8B.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim T, Giuliano AE, Lyman GH. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast carcinoma: a metaanalysis. Cancer. 2006;106(1):4–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21568.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Martin RC II, Edwards MJ, Wong SL, Tuttle TM, Carlson DJ, Brown CM, et al. Practical guidelines for optimal gamma probe detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer: results of a multi-institutional study. For the University of Louisville Breast Cancer Study Group. Surgery. 2000;128(2):139–44. https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2000.108064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lyman GH, Giuliano AE, Somerfield MR, Benson AB III, Bodurka DC, Burstein HJ, et al. American society of clinical oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(30):7703–20. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV, Beitsch PD, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, et al. Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2011;305(6):569–75. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Lee S, Kim EY, Kang SH, Kim SW, Kim SK, Kang KW, et al. Sentinel node identification rate, but not accuracy, is significantly decreased after pre-operative chemotherapy in axillary node-positive breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;102(3):283–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9330-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Arthur DW, Vicini FA. Accelerated partial breast irradiation as a part of breast conservation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(8):1726–35. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.09.045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fisher B, Anderson S, Redmond CK, Wolmark N, Wickerham DL, Cronin WM. Reanalysis and results after 12 years of follow-up in a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy with lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(22):1456–61. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199511303332203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J, Rose C, Andersson M, Bach F, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82b Trial. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):949–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199710023371401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ragaz J, Olivotto IA, Spinelli JJ, Phillips N, Jackson SM, Wilson KS, et al. Locoregional radiation therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: 20-year results of the British Columbia randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(2):116–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djh297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, Greco M, Saccozzi R, Luini A, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(16):1227–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0220989.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bartelink H, Horiot JC, Poortmans P, Struikmans H, Van den Bogaert W, Barillot I, et al. Recurrence rates after treatment of breast cancer with standard radiotherapy with or without additional radiation. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1378–87. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010874.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vrieling C, Collette L, Fourquet A, Hoogenraad WJ, Horiot JC, Jager JJ, et al. The influence of the boost in breast-conserving therapy on cosmetic outcome in the EORTC “boost versus no boost” trial. EORTC Radiotherapy and Breast Cancer Cooperative Groups. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45(3):677–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(99)00211-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Romestaing P, Lehingue Y, Carrie C, Coquard R, Montbarbon X, Ardiet JM, et al. Role of a 10-Gy boost in the conservative treatment of early breast cancer: results of a randomized clinical trial in Lyon, France. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(3):963–8. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.3.963.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Holland R, Veling SH, Mravunac M, Hendriks JH. Histologic multifocality of tis, T1-2 breast carcinomas. Implications for clinical trials of breast-conserving surgery. Cancer. 1985;56(5):979–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19850901)56:5<979::aid-cncr2820560502>3.0.co;2-n.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Clark RM, Whelan T, Levine M, Roberts R, Willan A, McCulloch P, et al. Randomized clinical trial of breast irradiation following lumpectomy and axillary dissection for node-negative breast cancer: an update. Ontario Clinical Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88(22):1659–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/88.22.1659.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Liljegren G, Holmberg L, Bergh J, Lindgren A, Tabar L, Nordgren H, et al. 10-year results after sector resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for stage I breast cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(8):2326–33. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.8.2326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Vujovic O, Cherian A, Yu E, Dar AR, Stitt L, Perera F. The effect of timing of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in patients with positive or close resection margins, young age, and node-negative disease, with long term follow-up. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66(3):687–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.05.051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Huang J, Barbera L, Brouwers M, Browman G, Mackillop WJ. Does delay in starting treatment affect the outcomes of radiotherapy? A systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(3):555–63. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.04.171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee JH, Kim SH, Suh YJ, Shim BY, Kim HK. Predictors of axillary lymph node metastases (ALNM) in a Korean population with T1-2 breast carcinoma: triple negative breast cancer has a high incidence of ALNM irrespective of the tumor size. Cancer Res Treat. 2010;42(1):30–6. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2010.42.1.30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Komoike Y, Akiyama F, Iino Y, Ikeda T, Akashi-Tanaka S, Ohsumi S, et al. Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving treatment for early breast cancer: risk factors and impact on distant metastases. Cancer. 2006;106(1):35–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. White N, Nosten F, Bjorkman A, Marsh K, Snow RW. WHO, the Global Fund, and medical malpractice in malaria treatment. Lancet. 2004;363(9415):1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15904-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Anderson SJ, Wapnir I, Dignam JJ, Fisher B, Mamounas EP, Jeong JH, et al. Prognosis after ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and locoregional recurrences in patients treated by breast-conserving therapy in five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project protocols of node-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(15):2466–73. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.19.8424.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Heys SD, Hutcheon AW, Sarkar TK, Ogston KN, Miller ID, Payne S, et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel in breast cancer: 3-year survival results from the Aberdeen trial. Clin Breast Cancer. 2002;3(Suppl 2):S69–74. https://doi.org/10.3816/cbc.2002.s.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Mamounas EP. NSABP protocol B-27. Preoperative doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide followed by preoperative or postoperative docetaxel. Oncology (Williston Park). 1997;11(6 Suppl 6):37–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. von Minckwitz G, Raab G, Caputo A, Schutte M, Hilfrich J, Blohmer JU, et al. Doxorubicin with cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel every 21 days compared with doxorubicin and docetaxel every 14 days as preoperative treatment in operable breast cancer: the GEPARDUO study of the German Breast Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(12):2676–85. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.05.078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Untch M, Jackisch C, Schneeweiss A, Conrad B, Aktas B, Denkert C, et al. Nab-paclitaxel versus solvent-based paclitaxel in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer (GeparSepto-GBG 69): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(3):345–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00542-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gianni L, Mansutti M, Anton A, Calvo L, Bisagni G, Bermejo B, et al. Comparing neoadjuvant nab-paclitaxel vs paclitaxel both followed by anthracycline regimens in women with ERBB2/HER2-negative breast cancer-the evaluating treatment with neoadjuvant abraxane (ETNA) trial: a randomized phase 3 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(3):302–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4612.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. von Minckwitz G, Kummel S, Vogel P, Hanusch C, Eidtmann H, Hilfrich J, et al. Intensified neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early-responding breast cancer: phase III randomized GeparTrio study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(8):552–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn089.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Nabholtz JM, Bonneterre J, Buzdar A, Robertson JF, Thurlimann B. Anastrozole (Arimidex) versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: survival analysis and updated safety results. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(12):1684–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00326-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Prat A, Saura C, Pascual T, Hernando C, Munoz M, Pare L, et al. Ribociclib plus letrozole versus chemotherapy for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, luminal B breast cancer (CORALLEEN): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(1):33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30786-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Geyer CE Jr, Bandos H, Rastogi P, Jacobs SA, Robidoux A, Fehrenbacher L, et al. Definitive results of a phase III adjuvant trial comparing six cycles of FEC-100 to four cycles of AC in women with operable node-negative breast cancer: the NSABP B-36 trial (NRG oncology). Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2022;193(3):555–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06417-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Sugarman S, Wasserheit C, Hodgman E, Coglianese M, D’Alassandro A, Fornier M, et al. A pilot study of dose-dense adjuvant paclitaxel without growth factor support for women with early breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;115(3):609–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-008-0152-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bonneterre J, Roche H, Kerbrat P, Bremond A, Fumoleau P, Namer M, et al. Epirubicin increases long-term survival in adjuvant chemotherapy of patients with poor-prognosis, node-positive, early breast cancer: 10-year follow-up results of the French adjuvant study group 05 randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(12):2686–93. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.05.059.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Schneider BP, Zhao F, Wang M, Stearns V, Martino S, Jones V, et al. Neuropathy is not associated with clinical outcomes in patients receiving adjuvant taxane-containing therapy for operable breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(25):3051–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.39.8446.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Adams S, Gray RJ, Demaria S, Goldstein L, Perez EA, Shulman LN, et al. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancers from two phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trials: ECOG 2197 and ECOG 1199. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(27):2959–66. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.55.0491.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Seidman AD, Berry D, Cirrincione C, Harris L, Muss H, Marcom PK, et al. Randomized phase III trial of weekly compared with every-3-weeks paclitaxel for metastatic breast cancer, with trastuzumab for all HER-2 overexpressors and random assignment to trastuzumab or not in HER-2 nonoverexpressors: final results of Cancer and Leukemia group B protocol 9840. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(10):1642–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.11.6699.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Zander AR, Schmoor C, Kroger N, Kruger W, Mobus V, Frickhofen N, et al. Randomized trial of high-dose adjuvant chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell support versus standard-dose chemotherapy in breast cancer patients with 10 or more positive lymph nodes: overall survival after 6 years of follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(6):1082–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative G, Peto R, Davies C, Godwin J, Gray R, Pan HC, et al. Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):432–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61625-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ruddy KJ, Pitcher BN, Archer LE, Cohen HJ, Winer EP, Hudis CA, et al. Persistence, adherence, and toxicity with oral CMF in older women with early-stage breast cancer (adherence companion study 60104 for CALGB 49907). Ann Oncol. 2012;23(12):3075–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Hortobagyi GN. Treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(14):974–84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199810013391407.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hayward J. Cancer of the breast. Treatment of the advanced disease. Br Med J. 1970;1(5707):469–71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5707.469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Van Den Bemd GJ, Kuiper GG, Pols HA, Van Leeuwen JP. Distinct effects on the conformation of estrogen receptor alpha and beta by both the antiestrogens ICI 164,384 and ICI 182,780 leading to opposite effects on receptor stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;261(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.0864.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kuiper GG, van den Bemd GJ, van Leeuwen JP. Estrogen receptor and the SERM concept. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22(8):594–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343616.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Regan MM, Pagani O, Fleming GF, Walley BA, Price KN, Rabaglio M, et al. Adjuvant treatment of premenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: design of the TEXT and SOFT trials. Breast. 2013;22(6):1094–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2013.08.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Jonat W, Kaufmann M, Sauerbrei W, Blamey R, Cuzick J, Namer M, et al. Goserelin versus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil as adjuvant therapy in premenopausal patients with node-positive breast cancer: the Zoladex early breast cancer research association study. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(24):4628–35. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2002.05.042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Thurlimann B, Robertson JF, Nabholtz JM, Buzdar A, Bonneterre J, Arimidex Study G. Efficacy of tamoxifen following anastrozole (‘Arimidex’) compared with anastrozole following tamoxifen as first-line treatment for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(16):2310–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00602-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Burzykowski T, Buyse M, Sledge G, Carmichael J, Luck HJ, et al. Taxanes alone or in combination with anthracyclines as first-line therapy of patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):1980–6. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.10.8399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Valsecchi ME, Recondo G, de la Vega M, Greco M, Recondo G, Diaz CE. Anti-hormonal therapies for premenopausal patients—what did we learn from the TEXT/SOFT trials? Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2015;10(2):90–100. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488711002150714134611.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gnant M, Pfeiler G, Dubsky PC, Hubalek M, Greil R, Jakesz R, et al. Adjuvant denosumab in breast cancer (ABCSG-18): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9992):433–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60995-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Mayer EL, Dueck AC, Martin M, Rubovszky G, Burstein HJ, Bellet-Ezquerra M, et al. Palbociclib with adjuvant endocrine therapy in early breast cancer (PALLAS): interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(2):212–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30642-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Johnston SRD, Harbeck N, Hegg R, Toi M, Martin M, Shao ZM, et al. Abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy for the adjuvant treatment of HR+, HER2-, node-positive, high-risk, early breast cancer (monarchE). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(34):3987–98. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.02514.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Yarden Y, Sliwkowski MX. Untangling the ErbB signalling network. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001;2(2):127–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/35052073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Joensuu H, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Bono P, Alanko T, Kataja V, Asola R, et al. Adjuvant docetaxel or vinorelbine with or without trastuzumab for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(8):809–20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Untch M, Rezai M, Loibl S, Fasching PA, Huober J, Tesch H, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment with trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer: results from the GeparQuattro study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(12):2024–31. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.8451.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Santen RJ, Song RX, McPherson R, Kumar R, Adam L, Jeng MH, et al. The role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2002;80(2):239–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-0760(01)00189-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Moy B, Goss PE. Lapatinib-associated toxicity and practical management recommendations. Oncologist. 2007;12(7):756–65. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.12-7-756.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Agus DB, Gordon MS, Taylor C, Natale RB, Karlan B, Mendelson DS, et al. Phase I clinical study of pertuzumab, a novel HER dimerization inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(11):2534–43. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.03.184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Holbro T, Beerli RR, Maurer F, Koziczak M, Barbas CF III, Hynes NE. The ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimer functions as an oncogenic unit: ErbB2 requires ErbB3 to drive breast tumor cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(15):8933–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1537685100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Baselga J, Cortes J, Kim SB, Im SA, Hegg R, Im YH, et al. Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel for metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(2):109–19. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1113216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Baselga J, Bradbury I, Eidtmann H, Di Cosimo S, de Azambuja E, Aura C, et al. Lapatinib with trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (NeoALTTO): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9816):633–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61847-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Twelves C, Trigo JM, Jones R, De Rosa F, Rakhit A, Fettner S, et al. Erlotinib in combination with capecitabine and docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a dose-escalation study. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44(3):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2007.12.011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Thomas ES, Gomez HL, Li RK, Chung HC, Fein LE, Chan VF, et al. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(33):5210–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Thomas E, Tabernero J, Fornier M, Conte P, Fumoleau P, Lluch A, et al. Phase II clinical trial of ixabepilone (BMS-247550), an epothilone B analog, in patients with taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(23):3399–406. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.08.9102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Serra V, Markman B, Scaltriti M, Eichhorn PJ, Valero V, Guzman M, et al. NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, prevents PI3K signaling and inhibits the growth of cancer cells with activating PI3K mutations. Cancer Res. 2008;68(19):8022–30. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1385.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Huang F, Reeves K, Han X, Fairchild C, Platero S, Wong TW, et al. Identification of candidate molecular markers predicting sensitivity in solid tumors to dasatinib: rationale for patient selection. Cancer Res. 2007;67(5):2226–38. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3633.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Tabernero J, Rojo F, Calvo E, Burris H, Judson I, Hazell K, et al. Dose- and schedule-dependent inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway with everolimus: a phase I tumor pharmacodynamic study in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(10):1603–10. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.5482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Diaby V, Adunlin G, Ali AA, Tawk R. Using quality-adjusted progression-free survival as an outcome measure to assess the benefits of cancer drugs in randomized-controlled trials: case of the BOLERO-2 trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;146(3):669–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-3047-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Beaver JA, Park BH. The BOLERO-2 trial: the addition of everolimus to exemestane in the treatment of postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. Future Oncol. 2012;8(6):651–7. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon.12.49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Baselga J, Semiglazov V, van Dam P, Manikhas A, Bellet M, Mayordomo J, et al. Phase II randomized study of neoadjuvant everolimus plus letrozole compared with placebo plus letrozole in patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(16):2630–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.8391.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Morrow PK, Wulf GM, Ensor J, Booser DJ, Moore JA, Flores PR, et al. Phase I/II study of trastuzumab in combination with everolimus (RAD001) in patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer who progressed on trastuzumab-based therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(23):3126–32. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.32.2321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. O’Shaughnessy J, Osborne C, Pippen JE, Yoffe M, Patt D, Rocha C, et al. Iniparib plus chemotherapy in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):205–14. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1011418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Coleman RE, Rubens RD. The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1987;55(1):61–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1987.13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Coscia M, Quaglino E, Iezzi M, Curcio C, Pantaleoni F, Riganti C, et al. Zoledronic acid repolarizes tumour-associated macrophages and inhibits mammary carcinogenesis by targeting the mevalonate pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 2010;14(12):2803–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00926.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ji Young You .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

You, J.Y., Park, S., Lee, E.S. (2023). Brief Overview of Breast Cancer Treatment. In: Lee, E.S. (eds) A Practical Guide to Breast Cancer Treatment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9044-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9044-1_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-9043-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-9044-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics