Abstract
The aero-electric power must consider both the weight and volume in addition to the energy and power—it should be both light and small together with its high-power and long-lasting energy. In this chapter, we review the current electric power for aviation in terms of the energy/power over weight versus battery, generator and supercapacitor.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The energy density of H2 is 33,427 Wh/kg. The weight of the type IV 70 MPa quantum tank weighs 24 kg. The tank holds 26 L of H2. The 26 L of 70 MPa H2 weighs: 26 L * 42 g/L = 1.092 kg, the energy carried is: 1.092 kg * 33,427 Wh/kg = 36,502 Wh. The total weight (tank + H2) is 24 + 1.092 = 25.1 kg. The equivalent energy density is 36,502/25.1 = 1454 Wh/kg.
References
Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., Safari, A.: Comparative study of different fuel cell technologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16(1), 981–989 (2012). ISSN 1364-0321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.020
Fan, et al.: A high-performance supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage device based on graphene-enhanced electrode materials with ultrahigh energy density. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1623–1632 (2013)
Thrust-specific fuel consumption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust-specific_fuel_consumption
Generator Source, LLC, Brighton, Colorado. https://www.generatorsource.com/
The Boeing 787 engine generators produce 230VAC power. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2014/03/f9/sofc_for_aircraft_pnnl_2012.pdf
The Boeing 787 is equipped with six VSVF diesel generators for startup. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sf6H8kSunRA
GE’s CFM56 gas turbine fan aero-engine. https://www.vennershipley.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Europes_new_aviation_vision_is_electric_the_future1.pdf
GE’s LM6000 gas turbine generator. https://www.geaviation.com/marine/engines/military/lm6000-engine
VerdeGo Aero™. https://www.verdegoaero.com/
Kobayashi, H., Hayakawa, A., Kunkuma, K.D., Somarathne, A., Okafor, E.C.: Science and technology of ammonia combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst. 37(1), 109–133 (2019). ISSN 1540-7489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029
Salmon, N., Bañares-Alcántara, R.: Green ammonia as a spatial energy vector: a review. Sustain. Energy Fuels 5(11), 2814–2839 (2021)
Ammonia as a renewable energy transportation media. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5, 10231–10239 (2017)
MacFarlane, D.R., Cherepanov, P.V., Choi, J., Suryanto, B.H.R., Hodgetts, R.Y., Bakker, J.M., Simonov, A.N.: A roadmap to the ammonia economy. Joule 4(6), 1186–1205 (2020)
Chen, D., Li, J., Huang, H., Chen, Y., He, Z., Deng, L.: Research progress on ammonia combustion and reaction mechanism. Chem. Bull. 83(6), 508–515 (2020)
Quantum’s hydrogen cylinder general specifications. https://www.qtww.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/H2-Tank-Specifications-June-2019-All-Tanks-1.pdf
GE’s LM6000 electric generator. https://www.geaviation.com/marine/engines/military/lm6000-engine
GE’s CF700 lightweight turbofan jet engine. https://www.geaviation.com/bga/engines/cf700-engine
Airbus, the E-fan all-electric twin propeller aircraft. https://www.airbus.com/search.html?q=e+fan+2.0
Li, K.: Research on the application of lithium-ion batteries in electric unmanned aircraft. Aeronaut. Sci. Technol. 31(05), 1–10 (2020)
Sweden heart aerospace, ES-19. https://heartaerospace.com/
Airbus, E-Fan X, complex hybrid-electric flight demonstrator disruptive technologies project. https://www.airbus.com/innovation/zero-emission/electric-flight/e-fan-x.html
Li, K.: Research on the development of electric aircraft technology. Aeronaut. Sci. Technol. 30(01), 1–7 (2019)
Liu, X., Ren, D., et al.: Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries without internal short circuit. Joule 2(10), 2047–2064 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.06.015
Wang, L., et al.: Safety accidents of Li-ion batteries: reliability issues or safety issues. Energy Stor. Sci. Technol. 10(1) (2021)
Sharaf, O.Z., Orhan, M.F.: An overview of fuel cell technology: fundamentals and applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 32, 810–853 (2014). ISSN 1364-0321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.012
Baroutaji, A., Wilberforce, T., Ramadan, M., et al.: Comprehensive investigation on hydrogen and fuel cell technology in the aviation and aerospace sectors. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 106, 31–40 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.022
Airbus E-fan. https://www.airbus.com/innovation/zero-emission/electric-flight.html
Rolls-Royce ACCEL, 2019, Li-ion battery of 367.5 kW power for 320 km flight, weight 1200 kg. https://www.rolls-royce.com/innovation/accel.aspx
Bruce, P.G., Freunberger, S.A., Hardwick, L.J., et al.: Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage. Nat. Mater. 11(1), 19–29 (2011)
Maleki, M., Tichter, T., ElNagar, G.A., et al.: Hybrid electrospun nanofibers as electrocatalyst for vanadium redox flow batteries: theory and experiment. ChemElectroChem 8(1), 218–226 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001380
Trovò, A.: Battery management system for industrial-scale vanadium redox flow batteries: features and operation. J. Power Sources 465, 228229 (2020)
Papathakis, K.: Review of AQUIFER technology feasibility. In: 2020 AIAA Aviation Forum, Oral Report, 15–19 June 2020, Virtual Meeting
Skeleton Technologies, a Germany ultracapacitors company. https://www.skeletontech.com/
Tecdia, a Japanese high-K ceramic capacitor. http://www.tecdia.com/
Lörstad, D., Lindholm, A., Pettersson, J., et al.: Siemens SGT-800 industrial gas turbine enhanced to 50 MW: combustor design modifications, validation and operation experience. In: Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air, p. 55119: V01BT04A038. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2013)
El-Suleiman, A., Samuel, O.D., Amosun, S.T., et al.: Gas turbine performance forecast and assessment: GE LM2500 in outlook. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1107(1), 012025 (2021)
Day, W.H.: FT8: a high performance industrial and marine gas turbine derived from the JT8D aircraft engine. In: Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air, p. 79245: V002T03A005. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1987)
Vignesh, P., et al.: Biodiesel and green diesel generation: an overview. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 76(1), 6 (2021)
Lechniak, J.A., Salazar, M., Abbigail, W., Morello, J., Papathakis, K.: Nano-electro fuel energy economy and powered aircraft operations. In: AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum. AIAA 2020-0117, Jan 2020
GE’s aeroderivative and heavy duty gas turbine electric generators. https://www.ge.com/power/gas/gas-turbines
Walsh, P.P.: Gas Turbine Performance, 2nd edn., Chap. 1.4 (2008)
Richter, E., Anstead, D., Bartos, J., Watson, T.: Preliminary Design of an Internal Starter/Generator for Application in the F110-129 Engine. SAE Technical Paper 951406 (1995). https://doi.org/10.4271/951406
Andersson, F.: Integrated generator for use in aircraft engines (2018)
Ceder, G.: Opportunities and challenges for first-principles materials design and applications to Li battery materials. MRS Bull. 35(9), 693–701 (2010)
Tarascon, J.M.: Key challenges in future Li-battery research. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 368(1923), 3227–3241 (2010)
Kim, D.H., Lee, J.H., Hwang, H.Y.: Aerodynamic analysis, required power and weight estimation of a compound (tilt rotor + lift + cruise) type eVTOL for urban air mobility using reverse engineering techniques. J. Adv. Navig. Technol. 25(1), 17–28 (2021)
Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Wang, J., et al.: Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing. iScience 24(4), 102332 (2021)
Tranter, T.G., Timms, R., Shearing, P.R., et al.: Communication—prediction of thermal issues for larger format 4680 cylindrical cells and their mitigation with enhanced current collection. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167(16), 160544 (2020)
Schwunk, S., Armbruster, N., Straub, S., et al.: Particle filter for state of charge and state of health estimation for lithium–iron phosphate batteries. J. Power Sources 239, 705–710 (2013)
Fuel cell vehicle cost analysis. http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress17/v_e_5_james_2017.pdf
Winter, M., Brodd, R.J.: What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chem. Rev. 104(10), 4245–4270 (2004)
Cecere, D., Giacomazzi, E., Ingenito, A.: A review on hydrogen industrial aerospace applications. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39(20), 10731–10747 (2014). ISSN 0360-3199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.126
Bičáková, O., Straka, P.: Production of hydrogen from renewable resources and its effectiveness. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37(16), 11563–11578 (2012). ISSN 0360-3199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.05.047
Hydrogen production: thermochemical water splitting. Department of Energy. [Online]. Available: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogenproduction-thermochemical-water-splitting
Hwang, H.T., Varma, A.: Hydrogen storage for fuel cell vehicles. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 5, 42–48 (2014)
Dornheim, M., Doppiu, S., Barkhordarian, G., Boesenberg, U., Klassen, T., Gutfleisch, O., Bormann, R.: Hydrogen storage in magnesium-based hydrides and hydride composites. Viewpoint set no. 42 Nanoscale materials for hydrogen storage. Scr. Mater. 56(10), 841–846 (2007). ISSN 1359-6462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.01.003
Quantum fuel systems for hydrogen tanks. http://www.qtww.com/
Schlapbach, L., Züttel, A.: Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications. In: Materials for Sustainable Energy: A Collection of Peer-Reviewed Research and Review Articles from Nature Publishing Group, pp. 265–270 (2011)
Kadyk, T., Winnefeld, C., Hanke-Rauschenbach, R., et al.: Analysis and design of fuel cell systems for aviation. Energies 11(2), 375 (2018)
Muthukumar, M., Rengarajan, N., Velliyangiri, B., et al.: The development of fuel cell electric vehicles—a review. Mater. Today Proc. 45, 1181–1187 (2021)
Tehrani, Z., et al.: Large-area printed super capacitor technology for low-cost domestic green energy storage. Energy 118, 1313–1321 (2017)
Conway, B.E., Pell, W.G.: Double-layer and pseudo capacitance types of electrochemical capacitors and their applications to the development of hybrid devices. J. Solid State Electrochem. 7(9), 637–644 (2003)
GE’s LM6000 gas turbine datasheet. https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-lm6000.pdf
GE’s LM6000 engine. https://www.geaviation.com/marine/engines/military/lm6000-engine
GE’s J85 small single-shaft turbojet engine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_J85
Wang, X., et al.: Ultra high dielectric constant, temperature stable multilayer ceramic capacitor material and its preparation method. Patent CN1397957A, Tshinghua University, 2003
Hennings, D., Klee, M., Waser, R.: Advanced dielectrics: bulk ceramics and thin films. Adv. Mater. 3(7–8), 334–340 (1991)
Xia, W., Liu, Y., Wang, G., Li, J., Cao, C., Hu, Q., Chen, Y., Lu, Z., Wang, D.: Frequency and temperature independent (Nb0.5Ga0.5)x(Ti0.9Zr0.1)1-xO2 ceramics with giant dielectric permittivity and low loss. Ceram. Int. 46(3), 2954–2959 (2020). ISSN 0272-8842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.292. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884219328287
Tan, F., Zhao, H., Zhang, Q., et al.: Dielectric performance of (Pb1-xSrx)Nb2O6-NaNbO3 thin film materials system: substitution effects. Mater. Sci. Forum 898(pt.3), 1699–1704 (2017)
Pavlidis, V.F., Friedman, E.G.: 3-D Integrated Circuit Fabrication Technologies, pp. 37–63. Morgan Kaufmann (2009). ISBN: 9780123743435. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374343-5.00003-4
Srivastava, A., Mangla, O., Gupta, V.: Study of La-incorporated HfO2 MIM structure fabricated using PLD system for analog/mixed signal applications. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 14(4), 612–618 (2015)
Chaker, A., Szkutnik, P.D., Pointet, J., et al.: Understanding the mechanisms of interfacial reactions during TiO2 layer growth on RuO2 by atomic layer deposition with O2 plasma or H2O as oxygen source. J. Appl. Phys. 120(8), 1–3 (2016)
Neve, C.R., Detalle, M., Nolmans, P., et al.: High-density and low-leakage novel embedded 3D MIM capacitor on Si interposer. In: 3D Systems Integration Conference. IEEE (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Duan, F.L. (2023). The Electric Power—Energy and Weight. In: When AIAA Meets IEEE. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8394-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8394-8_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-8393-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-8394-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)