Abstract
Currently, the majority of chemicals and energy are derived from fossil fuel-based resources. The continued depletion of these fossil resources and their attributed negative environmental impacts have boosted the search for green and renewable feedstock. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass has been identified as a sustainable alternative raw material to produce platform chemicals, biofuels and biomaterials. The production of added value products from this biomass generally involves first fractionation processes to separate its principal constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Fractionation of lignocellulosic material leads to release of cellulosic fibres and opens the cell wall structure by solubilization of lignin and hemicellulose. An ideal fractionation process should provide selective separation of each component of lignocellulosic material, easy access and isolation of the components after separation and recovery of each component in high yield. Pretreatment has been extensively studied, since it can be the most expensive process in biomass-to-fuel conversion. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide a complete perspective on the fractionation/pretreatment processes of lignocellulosic biomass to produce second-generation biofuels and recover high-added-value products. In particular, the most relevant marketable bio-based chemicals, namely, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and levulinic acid that can be obtained in a biorefinery scheme, are approached in this chapter.
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Abbreviations
- AFEX:
-
Ammonia fibre expansion
- BTMAC:
-
Benzyltrimethylammonium
- CELF:
-
Co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation
- ChCl:
-
Choline chloride
- COSMO-RS:
-
Conductor-like screening model for real solvents
- DES:
-
Deep eutectic solvent
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- EG:
-
Ethylene glycol
- FA:
-
Formic acid
- FDCA:
-
Furandicarboxylic acid
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gases
- Gly:
-
Glycerol
- HBA:
-
Hydrogen bond acceptors
- HBD:
-
Hydrogen bond donors
- HMF:
-
Hydroxymethylfurfural
- IL:
-
Ionic liquid
- LA:
-
Lactic acid
- Lac:
-
Laccase
- LCB:
-
Lignocellulosic biomass
- LiP:
-
Lignin peroxidase
- LVA:
-
Levulinic acid
- MEA:
-
Monoethanolamine
- MnP:
-
Manganese peroxidase
- NTP:
-
Nonthermal plasma
- OA:
-
Oxalic acid
- PB:
-
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid
- PBA:
-
p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol
- PCA:
-
p-Coumaric acid
- PEG:
-
Poly(ethylene) glycol
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- PHA:
-
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
- SCFs:
-
Supercritical fluids
- SE:
-
Steam explosion
- TEBAC:
-
Triethyl benzyl ammonium
- XOS:
-
Xylooligosaccharides
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Spanish “Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness” (Project “Cutting-edge strategies for a sustainable biorefinery based on valorization of invasive species”, reference PID2019-110031RB-I00) and from “Xunta de Galicia” (contract ED431C 2017/62-GRC to Competitive Reference Group BV1, Project ED431 F 2020/03 and Project ED431F 2020/06). These projects are partially funded by the FEDER Program of the European Union (“Unha maneira de facer Europa”). Dr Beatriz Gullón, Gemma Eibes and Aloia Romaní would like to express their gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for her postdoctoral grant (Reference RYC2018-026177-I, RYC2018-024846-I and RYC2020-030690-I, respectively). Sandra Rivas thanks to MINECO for the research contract with reference IJC2018-037665-I. Álvaro Lobato-Rodríguez would like to express his gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for his FPI doctoral grant (PRE2020-093359).
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Lobato-Rodríguez, Á. et al. (2023). State-of-the-Art Technologies for Production of Biochemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass. In: Pathak, P.D., Mandavgane, S.A. (eds) Biorefinery: A Sustainable Approach for the Production of Biomaterials, Biochemicals and Biofuels. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7481-6_5
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