Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process that encompasses a wide range of physiological implications including the onset of age-associated diseases and eventually death. Although recent years have seen a surge in the number of anti-aging interventions after the elucidation of the hallmarks of aging, a special attraction for gerontologists is the dietary restriction interventions which comprise caloric restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) strategies. CR is the reduction in calorie intake by 30–40% without causing malnutrition and improves health and increases lifespan in many model organisms. An alternative to CR is Intermittent Fasting, another DR intervention widely popular since ancient times in the form of religious fasting that is now being scientifically explored for its ability to impact metabolism in a way that is beneficial in reducing age-associated ailments and overall health and physiology. IF exerts its action through the activation of bioenergetics sensors and genes associated with longevity like AMPK and sirtuins. Some of the health benefits of fasting include reduction in body weight and obesity, and reduced incidence of diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. The ketogenic diet and Mediterranean diet are among the variants that are widely popular as IF regimen today.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, Marosi K, Lee SA, Mainous AG, Leeuwenburgh C, Mattson MP (2018) Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying the health benefits of fasting: flipping the metabolic switch. Obesity 26(2):254–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22065
Balasubramanian P, Howell PR, Anderson RM (2017) Aging and caloric restriction research: A biological perspective with translational potential. EBioMedicine 21:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.015
Bartke A, Wright JC, Mattison JA, Ingram DK, Miller RA, Roth GS (2001) Extending the lifespan of long-lived mice. Nature 414(6862):412–412. https://doi.org/10.1038/35106646
Bhoumik S, Rizvi SI (2021) Anti-aging effects of intermittent fasting: A potential alternative to calorie restriction? Biologia 76(8):2329–2336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00770-5
Challet E (2019) The circadian regulation of food intake. Nat Rev Endocrinol 15(7):393–405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0210-x
de Cabo R, Mattson MP (2019) Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med 381(26):2541–2551. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1905136
Erbaba B, Arslan-Ergul A, Adams MM (2021) Effects of caloric restriction on the antagonistic and integrative hallmarks of aging. Ageing Res Rev 66:101228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101228
Fontana L (2007) Aging, adiposity, and calorie restriction. JAMA 297(9):986. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.9.986
Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD (2010) Extending healthy life span—from yeast to humans. Science 328(5976):321–326. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172539
Fontana L, Partridge L (2015) Promoting health and longevity through diet: from model organisms to humans. Cell 161(1):106–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.020
Froy O, Miskin R (2010) Effect of feeding regimens on circadian rhythms: implications for aging and longevity. Aging 2(1):7–27. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100116
Gensous N, Franceschi C, Santoro A, Milazzo M, Garagnani P, Bacalini MG (2019) The impact of caloric restriction on the epigenetic signatures of aging. Int J Mol Sci 20(8):2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20082022
Golbidi S, Daiber A, Korac B, Li H, Essop MF, Laher I (2017) Health benefits of fasting and caloric restriction. Curr Diab Rep 17(12):123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0951-7
Goldstein I, Hager GL (2015) Transcriptional and chromatin regulation during fasting – the genomic era. Trends Endocrinol Metab 26(12):699–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.005
Green CL, Lamming DW, Fontana L (2022) Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 23(1):56–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4
Hoddy KK, Marlatt KL, Çetinkaya H, Ravussin E (2020) Intermittent fasting and metabolic health: from religious fast to time-restricted feeding. Obesity 28(S1):S29–S23. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22829
Hofer SJ, Davinelli S, Bergmann M, Scapagnini G, Madeo F (2021) Caloric restriction mimetics in nutrition and clinical trials. Front Nutr 8:717343. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.717343
Hofer SJ, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Mueller MI, Madeo F (2022) The ups and downs of caloric restriction and fasting: from molecular effects to clinical application. EMBO Mol Med 14(1):e14418. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202114418
Ingram DK, Zhu M, Mamczarz J, Zou S, Lane MA, Roth GS, deCabo R (2006) Calorie restriction mimetics: an emerging research field. Aging Cell 5(2):97–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00202.x
Johnson SC, Rabinovitch PS, Kaeberlein M (2013) MTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease. Nature 493(7432):338–345. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11861
Kalsi DS (2015) What is the effect of fasting on the lifespan of neurons? Ageing Res Rev 24:160–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.010
Katewa SD, Kapahi P (2010) Dietary restriction and aging, 2009. Aging Cell 9(2):105–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00552.x
Klass MR (1983) A method for the isolation of longevity mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and initial results. Mech Ageing Dev 22(3–4):279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-6374(83)90082-9
Lee JH, Verma N, Thakkar N, Yeung C, Sung H-K (2020) Intermittent fasting: physiological implications on outcomes in mice and men. Physiology 35(3):185–195. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00030.2019
Liang Y, Liu C, Lu M, Dong Q, Wang Z, Wang Z, Xiong W, Zhang N, Zhou J, Liu Q, Wang X, Wang Z (2018) Calorie restriction is the most reasonable anti-ageing intervention: A meta-analysis of survival curves. Sci Rep 8(1):5779. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24146-z
Longo VD, Mattson MP (2014) Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab 19(2):181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008
Longo VD, Antebi A, Bartke A, Barzilai N, Brown-Borg HM, Caruso C, Curiel TJ, Cabo R, Franceschi C, Gems D, Ingram DK, Johnson TE, Kennedy BK, Kenyon C, Klein S, Kopchick JJ, Lepperdinger G, Madeo F, Mirisola MG et al (2015) Interventions to slow aging in humans: are we ready? Aging Cell 14(4):497–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12338
López-Lluch G, Navas P (2016) Calorie restriction as an intervention in ageing: calorie restriction and ageing. J Physiol 594(8):2043–2060. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270543
López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G (2013) The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153(6):1194–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039
Lushchak O, Strilbyska O, Piskovatska V, Koliada A, Storey KB (2018) Intermittent fasting. In: Reference module in biomedical sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p B9780128012383621000. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.62133-5
Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, Kroemer G (2018) Spermidine in health and disease. Science 359(6374):eaan2788. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2788
Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Hofer SJ, Kroemer G (2019) Caloric restriction mimetics against age-associated disease: targets, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. Cell Metab 29(3):592–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.01.018
Manoogian ENC, Panda S (2017) Circadian rhythms, time-restricted feeding, and healthy aging. Ageing Res Rev 39:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.12.006
Margină D, Ungurianu A, Purdel C, Tsoukalas D, Sarandi E, Thanasoula M, Tekos F, Mesnage R, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis A (2020) Chronic inflammation in the context of everyday life: dietary changes as mitigating factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(11):4135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114135
Martel J, Chang S-H, Wu C-Y, Peng H-H, Hwang T-L, Ko Y-F, Young JD, Ojcius DM (2021) Recent advances in the field of caloric restriction mimetics and anti-aging molecules. Ageing Res Rev 66:101240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101240
Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M (2017) Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing Res Rev 39:46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005
Most J, Tosti V, Redman LM, Fontana L (2017) Calorie restriction in humans: an update. Ageing Res Rev 39:36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.005
Niccoli T, Partridge L (2012) Ageing as a risk factor for disease. Curr Biol 22(17):R741–R752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.024
Persynaki A, Karras S, Pichard C (2017) Unraveling the metabolic health benefits of fasting related to religious beliefs: A narrative review. Nutrition 35:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.005
Queiroz J d N, Macedo RCO, Tinsley GM, Reischak-Oliveira A (2021) Time-restricted eating and circadian rhythms: the biological clock is ticking. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 61(17):2863–2875. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1789550
Rattan SIS (2006) Theories of biological aging: genes, proteins, and free radicals. Free Radic Res 40(12):1230–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760600911303
Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER (2017) The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia 60(9):1577–1585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z
Salminen A, Kaarniranta K (2012) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls the aging process via an integrated signaling network. Ageing Res Rev 11(2):230–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.005
Saraswat K, Rizvi SI (2017) Novel strategies for anti-aging drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discovery 12(9):955–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2017.1349750
Seimon RV, Roekenes JA, Zibellini J, Zhu B, Gibson AA, Hills AP, Wood RE, King NA, Byrne NM, Sainsbury A (2015) Do intermittent diets provide physiological benefits over continuous diets for weight loss? A systematic review of clinical trials. Mol Cell Endocrinol 418:153–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.014
Tinsley GM, La Bounty PM (2015) Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans. Nutr Rev 73(10):661–674. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuv041
Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ (2010) The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J 9(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-57
Voglhuber J, Ljubojevic-Holzer S, Abdellatif M, Sedej S (2021) Targeting cardiovascular risk factors through dietary adaptations and caloric restriction mimetics. Front Nutr 8:758058. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.758058
Weimer S, Priebs J, Kuhlow D, Groth M, Priebe S, Mansfeld J, Merry TL, Dubuis S, Laube B, Pfeiffer AF, Schulz TJ, Guthke R, Platzer M, Zamboni N, Zarse K, Ristow M (2014) D-glucosamine supplementation extends life span of nematodes and of ageing mice. Nat Commun 5(1):3563. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4563
Weithoff G (2007) Dietary restriction in two rotifer species: the effect of the length of food deprivation on life span and reproduction. Oecologia 153(2):303–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0739-6
Wilhelmi de Toledo F, Grundler F, Sirtori CR, Ruscica M (2020) Unravelling the health effects of fasting: A long road from obesity treatment to healthy life span increase and improved cognition. Ann Med 52(5):147–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2020.1770849
Yin Z, Pascual C, Klionsky D (2016) Autophagy: machinery and regulation. Microbial Cell 3(12):588–596. https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2016.12.546
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bhoumik, S., Yadawa, A.K., Srivastava, P., Rizvi, S.I. (2023). Intermittent Fasting as an Anti-Aging Strategy. In: Rizvi, S.I. (eds) Emerging Anti-Aging Strategies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7443-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7443-4_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-7442-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-7443-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)